Inbreeding depression on dairy cattle for reproduction traits and milk production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62428/rcvp2025422079Keywords:
Endogamic depression, gestation lenght, inbreeding, milk production, open days, reproductive indexAbstract
The aim was to evaluate the levels of inbreeding in dairy cows in a closed herd, and intensive system on Lima dairy region, and the endogamic depression on the reproductive traits of the number of services to pregnancy, number of calving per cow, length gestation, age at calving (first and two or more calving), calving intervals, open days and on milk production (305 days, 3 milking). 38 666 pedigree records were evaluated to determine the inbreeding coefficients of the cows and 5 356 production records to evaluate inbreeding depression. Linear models were used considering age as a covariate, as well as regression models to assess inbreeding depression. The average inbreeding coefficient increased per year of birth was +0.13%, the highest value of inbreeding was observed in animals born in 2021 (9.39%). Six groups were formed: non-consanguineous and consanguineous cows with an interval of 3.125% inbreeding. No inbreeding depression was observed on the reproductive characters of number of services per pregnancy, age at first calving and successive calving’s, open days and for milk production, while for the number of calving’s per cow it was determined that there is a reduction of 0.04 fewer calving per cow, gestation length affected by -0.16 days, calving interval an increase of 0.028 days for each 1% increase of inbreeding. Monitoring of inbreeding is necessary to avoid an increase of inbreeding, implement a system mating of minimum inbreeding.
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Baes, C., Makanjuola, B., Miglior, F., Marras, G., Howard, J., Fleming, A., & Maltecca, C. (2019). Symposium review: The genomic architecture of inbreeding: How homozygosity affects health and performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(3), 2807-2817. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15520
Bjelland, D., Weigel, K., Vukasinovic, N., & Nkrumah, J. (2013). Evaluation of inbreeding depression in Holstein cattle using whole-genome SNP markers and alternative measures of genomic inbreeding. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(7), 4697-4706. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6435
Cole, J.B., Eaglen, S.A.E., Maltecca, C., Mulder, H.A., & Pryce, J.E. (2020). The future of phenomics in dairy cattle breeding. Animal Frontiers, 10(2), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa007
Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding [CDCB]. (2023). Trend in inbreeding coefficients of Cows for Holstein or Red & White. MD. USA. https://queries.uscdcb.com/eval/ summary/inbrd.cfm.
Dekkers, J. (2012). Application of genomics tools to animal breeding. Current Genomics, 13(3), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920212800543057
Dezetter, C., Leclerc, H., Mattalia, S., Barbat, A., Boichard, D., & Ducrocq, V. (2015). Inbreeding and crossbreeding parameters for production and fertility traits in Holstein, Montbéliarde, and Normande cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(7), 4904-4913. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8386.
Doekes, H., Bijma, P., Veerkamp, R., de Jong, G., Wientjes, Y., & Winding, J. (2020). Inbreeding depression across the genome of Dutch Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 52(64). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-020-00583-1
Ferenčaković, M., Sölkner, J., Kapš, M., & Curik, I. (2017). Genome-wide mapping and estimation of inbreeding depression of semen quality traits in a cattle population. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(6), 4721-4730. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12164
Fleming, A., Abdalla, E. Maltecca, C., & Baes, C. (2017). Invited review: Reproductive and genomics technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetics progress in dairy cattle. Archived Animal Breeding, 61, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-43-2018
Gamboa, A. (2019). Efectos de la consanguinidad en la producción y reproducción en vacunos lecheros del Establo Lechero Granados de la Cuenca Lechera de Lima [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae]. Repositorio Institucional UCSS. https://repositorio.ucss.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.14095 /648
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García, B.C., Aguilar, G.C., Falcón, N.P., & Delgado, C.A. (2020). Desempeño productivo y reproductivo de vacas Holstein sometidas a lacto-inducción. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú. 31(2), 17834. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15381/rivep.v31i2.17834
Gonzales, B.J.P., & WingChing-Jones, R. (2018). Producción y reproducción de vacas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces en cinco localidades de Costa Rica. UNED Research Journal. 10(2), 422-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v10i2.2171
Gutiérrez-Reinoso, M., Aponte, P., Cabezas, J., Rodríguez-Álvarez, Ll., & García-Herreros, M. (2020). Genomic evaluation of primiparous High-Producing dairy cows: Inbreeding effects on genotypic and phenotypic production-reproduction traits. Animal, 10(9),1704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091704
Gutiérrez-Reinoso, M., Aponte, P., & García-Herreros, M. (2022). A review of inbreeding depression in dairy cattle: current status, emerging control strategies, and future prospects. Journal of Dairy Research. 89(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022029922000188
Hernández, C.J. (2017). Fisiología clínica de la reproducción de bovinos lecheros. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. https://www.fmvz.unam.mx/fmvz/publicaciones/archivos/Fisiologia_Clinica.pdf
Huanca, L.W. (2001). Inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo en vacas lecheras. Revista De Investigaciones Veterinarias Del Perú, 12(2), 161-163. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v12i2.1645
Holstein Foundation. (2021/2022). Pedigree information. Family Tree Search. Holstein Association USA. www.holsteinusa.com
Leroy, G. (2014). Inbreeding depression in livestock species: review and meta-analysis. Animal Genetics, 45(5), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12178
Maltecca, C., Tiezzi, F., Cole, J. B., & Baes, C. (2020). Symposium review: Exploiting homozygosity in the era of genomics – Selection, Inbreeding, and mating programs. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6), 5302-5313. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17846
Marini, P.R., & Di Masso, R.J. (2019). Edad al primer parto e indicadores de eficiencia en vacas lecheras con diferente potencialidad productividad en sistemas de pastoreo. La Granja, 29(1),84-99. hppts://doi.org/10.17163/gr.n29.2019.07
Martínez-Castillero, M., Verona, L., Pegolo, S., Rossoni, A., & Cecchinato, A. (2021). Bayesian inference of theinbreeding load variance for fertility traits in Brown Swiss cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(9), 10040-10048. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-20087
Medrano, P.L.R. (2018). Efecto de las instalaciones ganaderas sobre el rendimiento reproductive de bovinos lecheros en pequeños productores del sector Irrigación San Felipe, en el distrito de Vegueta, provincia de Huaura, cuenca lechera de Lima [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]. Repositorio institucional UPCH. https://repositorio.upch.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12866/6428/Efecto_MedranoRueda_Patricia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Meuwissen, T., & Lou, Z. (1992). Computing inbreeding coefficients in large populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 24, 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-24-4-305
Mrode, R., Ojango, J.M.K., Okajo, A.M., & Mwacharo, J.M. (2019). Genomic selection and use of molecular tools In breeding programs for indigenous and crossbred cattle in developing countries: Current status and future prospects. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00694
Mussayeva, G.K., Meldebekov, A.M., Meldebekova, N.A., Shaykamal, G.I., Buralkhiyev, B.A., Rametov, N.M., & Zhumanov, K. (2023). Dairy productivity of Holstein cows of different genetics line in the conditions of Kostanay region of Kazakhstan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 55(3), 1257-1265. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20210818080851
Parland, S. Mc., Kearney, J.F., Rath, M., & Berry, D.P. (2007). Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Irish dairy and beef cattle populations. Journal of Animal Science, 85(2), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-367
Pryce, J. E.; Haile-Mariam, M., Goddard, M.E., & Hayes, B. (2014). Identification of genomics regions associated with inbreeding depression in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 46(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-014-0071-7
Remmik, A., Värnik, R., & Kask, K. (2020). Impact of calving interval on milk yield and longevity of primiparous Estonian Holstein cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 65(10), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.17221/130/2020-CJAS
Restrepo, P., Velasquez, J.C., & Calvache, I. (2013). Comparación de parámetros productivos y reproductivos en vacas primerizas Holstein y Holstein x Rojo Sueco en tres hatos de la sabana de Bogotá. Revista Ciencia Animal, (6), 67-75. https://revistas.lasalle.edu.co/files-articles/ca/vol1/iss6/5/fulltext.pdf
Reyes, S.F.D., Chávez, C.J., Condo, P.L.A., & Marini, P.R. (2020). Asociación entre producción de leche y parámetros reproductivos en biotipos Holstein con diferente potencial productivo. Ciencia Digital, 4(3), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v4i3.1273
Salazar-Carranza, M., Castillo-Badilla, G., Murillo-Herrera, J., Hueckmann-Voss, F., & Romero-Zuñiga, J.J. (2013). Edad al primer parto en vacas Holstein en lechería especializada en Costa Rica. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 233-243. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659-13212013000200001
Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (2022). SAS OnDemand for Academics. SAS Institute Inc. https://support.sas.com/en/software/ondemand-for-academics-support.html
Zambrano, J, Rincón, J., & Echeverri, J. (2014). Parámetros genéticos para caracteres productivos y reproductivos en Holstein y Jersey Colombiano. Archivos de Zootecnia, 63(243), 495-506. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0004-05922014000300010Andere, C., Rubio, N., Rodríguez, E., Aguilar, I., & Casanova, D. (2017). Análisis de la consanguinidad de la población de bovinos Holando inscritos en el sistema de Control Lechero Oficial de la República Argentina. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (RIA), 43(1), 92-97. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/864/86451165013.pdf
Baes, C., Makanjuola, B., Miglior, F., Marras, G., Howard, J., Fleming, A., & Maltecca, C. (2019). Symposium review: The genomic architecture of inbreeding: How homozygosity affects health and performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(3), 2807-2817. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15520
Bjelland, D., Weigel, K., Vukasinovic, N., & Nkrumah, J. (2013). Evaluation of inbreeding depression in Holstein cattle using whole-genome SNP markers and alternative measures of genomic inbreeding. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(7), 4697-4706. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6435
Cole, J.B., Eaglen, S.A.E., Maltecca, C., Mulder, H.A., & Pryce, J.E. (2020). The future of phenomics in dairy cattle breeding. Animal Frontiers, 10(2), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa007
Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding [CDCB]. (2023). Trend in inbreeding coefficients of Cows for Holstein or Red & White. MD. USA. https://queries.uscdcb.com/eval/ summary/inbrd.cfm.
Dekkers, J. (2012). Application of genomics tools to animal breeding. Current Genomics, 13(3), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920212800543057
Dezetter, C., Leclerc, H., Mattalia, S., Barbat, A., Boichard, D., & Ducrocq, V. (2015). Inbreeding and crossbreeding parameters for production and fertility traits in Holstein, Montbéliarde, and Normande cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(7), 4904-4913. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8386.
Doekes, H., Bijma, P., Veerkamp, R., de Jong, G., Wientjes, Y., & Winding, J. (2020). Inbreeding depression across the genome of Dutch Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 52(64). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-020-00583-1
Ferenčaković, M., Sölkner, J., Kapš, M., & Curik, I. (2017). Genome-wide mapping and estimation of inbreeding depression of semen quality traits in a cattle population. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(6), 4721-4730. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12164
Fleming, A., Abdalla, E. Maltecca, C., & Baes, C. (2017). Invited review: Reproductive and genomics technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetics progress in dairy cattle. Archived Animal Breeding, 61, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-43-2018
Gamboa, A. (2019). Efectos de la consanguinidad en la producción y reproducción en vacunos lecheros del Establo Lechero Granados de la Cuenca Lechera de Lima [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae]. Repositorio Institucional UCSS. https://repositorio.ucss.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.14095 /648
Garbe, J., & Da, Y. (2008). Pedigraph: A software tool for the graphing and analysis of large complex pedigree. User Manual version 2.4. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota. https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/d684e7ba-0b26-4d52-bea2-2fd6c3f36c4a/content
García, B.C., Aguilar, G.C., Falcón, N.P., & Delgado, C.A. (2020). Desempeño productivo y reproductivo de vacas Holstein sometidas a lacto-inducción. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú. 31(2), 17834. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15381/rivep.v31i2.17834
Gonzales, B.J.P., & WingChing-Jones, R. (2018). Producción y reproducción de vacas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces en cinco localidades de Costa Rica. UNED Research Journal. 10(2), 422-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v10i2.2171
Gutiérrez-Reinoso, M., Aponte, P., Cabezas, J., Rodríguez-Álvarez, Ll., & García-Herreros, M. (2020). Genomic evaluation of primiparous High-Producing dairy cows: Inbreeding effects on genotypic and phenotypic production-reproduction traits. Animal, 10(9),1704. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091704
Gutiérrez-Reinoso, M., Aponte, P., & García-Herreros, M. (2022). A review of inbreeding depression in dairy cattle: current status, emerging control strategies, and future prospects. Journal of Dairy Research. 89(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022029922000188
Hernández, C.J. (2017). Fisiología clínica de la reproducción de bovinos lecheros. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. https://www.fmvz.unam.mx/fmvz/publicaciones/archivos/Fisiologia_Clinica.pdf
Huanca, L.W. (2001). Inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo en vacas lecheras. Revista De Investigaciones Veterinarias Del Perú, 12(2), 161-163. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v12i2.1645
Holstein Foundation. (2021/2022). Pedigree information. Family Tree Search. Holstein Association USA. www.holsteinusa.com
Leroy, G. (2014). Inbreeding depression in livestock species: review and meta-analysis. Animal Genetics, 45(5), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12178
Maltecca, C., Tiezzi, F., Cole, J. B., & Baes, C. (2020). Symposium review: Exploiting homozygosity in the era of genomics – Selection, Inbreeding, and mating programs. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6), 5302-5313. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17846
Marini, P.R., & Di Masso, R.J. (2019). Edad al primer parto e indicadores de eficiencia en vacas lecheras con diferente potencialidad productividad en sistemas de pastoreo. La Granja, 29(1),84-99. hppts://doi.org/10.17163/gr.n29.2019.07
Martínez-Castillero, M., Verona, L., Pegolo, S., Rossoni, A., & Cecchinato, A. (2021). Bayesian inference of theinbreeding load variance for fertility traits in Brown Swiss cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(9), 10040-10048. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-20087
Medrano, P.L.R. (2018). Efecto de las instalaciones ganaderas sobre el rendimiento reproductive de bovinos lecheros en pequeños productores del sector Irrigación San Felipe, en el distrito de Vegueta, provincia de Huaura, cuenca lechera de Lima [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]. Repositorio institucional UPCH. https://repositorio.upch.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12866/6428/Efecto_MedranoRueda_Patricia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Meuwissen, T., & Lou, Z. (1992). Computing inbreeding coefficients in large populations. Genetics Selection Evolution, 24, 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-24-4-305
Mrode, R., Ojango, J.M.K., Okajo, A.M., & Mwacharo, J.M. (2019). Genomic selection and use of molecular tools In breeding programs for indigenous and crossbred cattle in developing countries: Current status and future prospects. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00694
Mussayeva, G.K., Meldebekov, A.M., Meldebekova, N.A., Shaykamal, G.I., Buralkhiyev, B.A., Rametov, N.M., & Zhumanov, K. (2023). Dairy productivity of Holstein cows of different genetics line in the conditions of Kostanay region of Kazakhstan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 55(3), 1257-1265. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20210818080851
Parland, S. Mc., Kearney, J.F., Rath, M., & Berry, D.P. (2007). Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Irish dairy and beef cattle populations. Journal of Animal Science, 85(2), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-367
Pryce, J. E.; Haile-Mariam, M., Goddard, M.E., & Hayes, B. (2014). Identification of genomics regions associated with inbreeding depression in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution, 46(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-014-0071-7
Remmik, A., Värnik, R., & Kask, K. (2020). Impact of calving interval on milk yield and longevity of primiparous Estonian Holstein cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 65(10), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.17221/130/2020-CJAS
Restrepo, P., Velasquez, J.C., & Calvache, I. (2013). Comparación de parámetros productivos y reproductivos en vacas primerizas Holstein y Holstein x Rojo Sueco en tres hatos de la sabana de Bogotá. Revista Ciencia Animal, (6), 67-75. https://revistas.lasalle.edu.co/files-articles/ca/vol1/iss6/5/fulltext.pdf
Reyes, S.F.D., Chávez, C.J., Condo, P.L.A., & Marini, P.R. (2020). Asociación entre producción de leche y parámetros reproductivos en biotipos Holstein con diferente potencial productivo. Ciencia Digital, 4(3), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v4i3.1273
Salazar-Carranza, M., Castillo-Badilla, G., Murillo-Herrera, J., Hueckmann-Voss, F., & Romero-Zuñiga, J.J. (2013). Edad al primer parto en vacas Holstein en lechería especializada en Costa Rica. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 233-243. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659-13212013000200001
Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (2022). SAS OnDemand for Academics. SAS Institute Inc. https://support.sas.com/en/software/ondemand-for-academics-support.html
Zambrano, J, Rincón, J., & Echeverri, J. (2014). Parámetros genéticos para caracteres productivos y reproductivos en Holstein y Jersey Colombiano. Archivos de Zootecnia, 63(243), 495-506. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0004-05922014000300010
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