PRESENCIA DE METALES PESADOS EN LA PALOMITA MARAQUITA (COLUMBINA SQUAMMATA LESSON 1831), DEL ESTADO SUCRE, VENEZUELA

Authors

  • María Alpino-Cabrera Laboratorio de Ecología de Aves, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Sucre, Avenida Universidad, Cerro Colorado, Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-8269
  • Jorge Muñoz-Gil Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas Guayacán, Universidad de Oriente, Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-8986
  • Gedio Marín-Espinoza Laboratorio de Ecología de Aves, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Sucre, Avenida Universidad, Cerro Colorado, Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-8017

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24039/rtb201614185

Keywords:

Columbina squammata, metales pesados, plumas, sangre

Abstract

Se determinaron las concentraciones de los metales plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), zinc (Zn), cobre (Cu) y cromo (Cr) en muestras de sangre y plumas de la Palomita Maraquita (Columbina squammata). Diez individuos fueron capturados en una localidad rural agrícola del estado Sucre, Venezuela, y a cada uno se le extrajo 1,5 ml de sangre a través de la vena radial, y se tomaron plumas del pecho y las remeras, las cuales se pesaron y digirieron (HNO al 65%) en un horno 3 digestor; posteriormente se analizaron en un Espectrofotómetro de Absorción Atómica con flujo de aire–acetileno y corrector de fondo de deuterio. Al comparar ambos tejidos no se detectó presencia de Cr; en el resto, excepto el Cd, existieron diferencias significativas. Las plumas arrojaron mayores concentraciones de metales que la sangre, quizá porque son estructuras inertes que van bioacumulando metales durante su crecimiento, para luego eliminarlos con la muda periódica; estos metales pueden ser incorporados de fuentes externas durante el acicalamiento y/o la exposición directa de las plumas a los mismos, e internamente durante el transporte de los metales por el torrente sanguíneo y fijarse a la queratina. Los bajos niveles de metales pesados encontrados en sangre reflejarían su absorción directa inmediata del alimento consumido, en menos de una semana, antes de la toma de muestras. Los niveles de Zn fueron los más altos en ambos tejidos; no obstante, a los niveles obtenidos es toxicológicamente inocuo. En general, las concentraciones de los metales pesados obtenidos en las palomas no se consideran alarmantes a pesar de que la zona presenta una intensa actividad agrícola.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abduljaleel, S.; Shuhaimi-othman, M. & Abdusalam, B. 2012. Assessment of trace metal contents in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) tissues from Selangor (Malasya). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5: 441-451.

Adout, A.; Hawlena, D.; Maman, R.; Paz-Tal, O. & Karpas, Z. 2007. Determination of trace elements in pigeon and raven feathers by ICPMS. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 267: 109- 116.

Altmeyer, M.; Dittman, J.; Dmowski, K.; Wagner, G. & Müller, P. 1991. Distribution of elements in flight feathers of a White-tailed Eagle. Science Total Environment, 105: 157-164.

Amarowicz, R.; Szymkiewicz, M.; Glazewski, R.; Korczakowska, B.; Markiewicz, K. & Mellin, M. 1989. Content of chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in tissue of the White-tailed Eagle and Lesser-spotted Eagle. Przeglad Zoologii, 33: 613-617.

Arcos, J., Ruiz, X.; Bearhop, S. & Furness, R. 2002. Mercury levels in seabirds and their fish prey at the Ebro Delta: the role of trawler discards as a source of contamination. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 232: 281-290.

Azimi, S.; Ludwig, A.; Thévenot, D.R. & Colin, J.L. 2003. Trace metal determination in total atmospheric deposition in rural and urban areas. The Science of the Total Environment, 308: 247-256.

Battaglia, A.; Ghidini, S.; Campanini, G. & Spaggiari, R. 2005. Heavy metal contamination in Little Owl (Athene noctua) and Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo ) from northern Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60: 61-66.

Beck, A. 1996. Observations on the copper metabolism of the domestic fowl and duck. Agriculture Research, 12:743- 753.

Becker, P.H. 2003. Biomonitoring with birds. In: Trace metals and other contaminants in the environment bioindicators and biomonitors: Principles, concepts and applications. Markert, B.A.; Breure, A.M. & Zechmeister H.G. (eds.). Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 677-736.

Bezzel, E. & Fünfstück, H. -J. 1995. Lead poisoning as a threat to golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the northern Alps? Journal für Ornithologie, 136: 294-296.

Boyer, J.; Fourqurean, J. & Jones, R. 1997. Spatial characterization of water quality in Florida Bay and Whitewater Bay by multivariate analyses: zones of similar influence. Estuaries, 20: 743-758.

Brait, C.H.H. & Antoniosi Filho, N.R. 2011. Use of feathers of feral pigeons (Columba livia) as a technique for metal quantification and environmental monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 179: 457-467.

Braune, B. & Gaskin, D. 1987. A mercury budget for the Bonaparte's Gull during autumn moult. Ornis Scandinavica, 18: 244-250.

Burger, J. 1993. Metal in avian feathers; bioindicators of environmental pollution. Researchs in Environment Toxicology, 5: 203-311.

Burger, J. 1996. Heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of Franklin's Gulls in interior North America. Auk, 113: 399- 407.

Burger, J. & Gochfeld, M. 1994. Behavioral impairments of lead-injected young herring gulls in nature. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23: 553-561. Burger, J. & Gochfeld, M. 2000. Metals levels in feathers of 12 species of seabirds from Midway Atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean . Science of the To tal Environment, 257: 37-52.

Burger, J.; Diaz, F.; Marafanta, E.; Pounds, J. & Ronson, M. 2003. Methodologies to examine the importance of host factors inbioavailability of metals. Ecotoxicology Environment Safety, 56:20-31.

Cao, J.; Henry, P.; Davis, S.; Cousins, R.; Miles, R.; Littel, R. & Ammerman, C. 2002. Relative bioability of organic zinc sources based on tissue zinc and metallothionein in chicks fed conventional dietary zinc concentrations. Animal Feeding Science Technology, 101: 161-170.

Carpenter, J.; Andews, G. & Beyer, W. 2004. Zinc toxicosis in a free-flying Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40: 769-774.

Casey, C. & Hambidge, K. 1980. Epidemiological aspect of human zinc deficiency. In: Zinc in the environment. Part II: Health effect. Nriagu, J. & Wiley, J. (eds.). McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 1-27.

Clark, A. J. & Scheuhammer, A. M. 2003. Lead poisoning in up-land-foraging birds of prey in Canada. Ecotoxicology, 12: 23- 30.

Chiou, P.; Chen, K. & Wu, C. 1999. Effect of high dietary copper on the morphology of gastro-intestinal tract in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 12: 548-553.

Cid, F.D.; Gatica-Sosa, C.; Antón, R.I. & Caviedes-Vidal, E. 2009. Contamination of heavy metals in birds from Embalse La Florida (San Luis, Argentina). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11: 2044-2051.

Daury, R.; Schwab, F. & Bateman, M. 1993. Blood lead concentration of waterfowl from unhunted and heavily hunted marshes of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Islands, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 29: 577-581.

Dauwe, T.; Bervoets, L. & Janssens, E. 2002. Blue tit feathers as biomonitors for heavy metal pollution. Ecological Indicators, 1: 227-234.

Dauwe, T.; Bervoets, L.; Pinxten, R.; Blust, R. & Eens, M. 2003. Variation of heavy metals within and among feathers of birds of prey: effects of molt and external contamination . Environmental Pollution, 124: 429-436.

Debacker V.; Jauniaux T.; Coignoul F. & Bouquegneau, J. 2000. Heavy metals contamination and body condition of wintering guillemots (Uria aalge) at the Belgian coast from 1993 to 1998. Environment Research Section A, 84: 310-317.

Díaz, J.; Torreblanca, A. & Delramo, J. 1993. Presencia de metales en el medio. En: Metales en sistemas biológicos. Mas, A. & Ascue, J. (eds.). Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias , Barcelona. pp. 187-206.

Duffus, J. 1983. Toxicología ambiental. Ed. Omega, Barcelona. Eens, M.; Pinxten, R.; Verheyen, R. F.; Blust, R. & Bervoets, L. 1999. Great and blue tits as indicators of heavy metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 44: 81-85.

Eeva, T.; Lehikoinen, E. & Rönkä, M. 1998. Air pollution fades the plumage of the Great Tit. Functional Ecology, 12: 607- 612.

Eeva, T.; Belskii, E. & Kuranov, B. 2006. Environmental pollution affects genetic diversity in wild bird populations. Mutation Research, 608: 8-15.

Eisler, R. 1988. Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological report 8, Washington DC.

Eisler, R. 2000. Handbook of chemical risk assessment health, hazard to humans, plants and animals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Ratón, Florida.

Esselink, H.; Van der Geld, F. M.; Jager, L. P.; Posthuma- Trumpie, G. A.; Zoun, P. E. F. & Baars, A. J. 1995. Biomonitoring heavy metals using the Barn Owl (Tyto alba guttata): sources of variation especially relating to body condition. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28: 471- 486.

Evers, D.C.; Savoy, L.J.; De Sorbo, C.R.; Yates, D.E.; Hanson, W.; Taylor, K.M.; Siegel, L.S.; Cooley Jr., J.H.; Bank, M.S.; Major, A.; Munney, K.; Mower, B.F.; Vogel, H.S.; Schoch, N.; Pokras, M.; Goodale, M.W. & Fair, J. 2008. Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons. Ecotoxicology, 17: 69-81.

Ferns, P. N. & Anderson, J. I. 1994. Cadmium in the diet and body tissues of dunlins Calidris alpina, from the Bristol Channel, UK. Environmental Pollution, 86: 225-231.

Ferns, P. N. & Anderson, J. I. 1997. Lead in the diet and body tissues of dunlins Calidris alpina, from the Bristol Channel, UK. Environmental Pollution, 96: 35-42.

Fisher, I.J.; Pain, D.J. & Thomas, V.G. 2006. A review of lead poisoning from ammunition sources in terrestrial birds. Biological Conservation, 131: 421-432.

Franson, J. C.; Lahner, L. L.; Meteyer, C. U. & Rattner, B. A. 2012. Copper pellets simulating oral exposure to copper ammunition: absence of toxicity in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62: 145- 153.

Frantz, A.; Pottier, M.; Battle, K.; Corbel, H.; Aubry, E.; Haussy, C.; Gasparini, J. & Castec-Rouelle, M. 2012. Constrasting levels of heavy metals in the feathers of urban pigeons from close habitat suggest limited movements at a restricted scale. Environmental Pollution, 22: 820-824.

Gangoso, L.; Alvarez-Lloret, P.A.; Rodriguez- Navarro, A.A.B.; Mateo, R.; Hiraldo, F. & Donazar, J.A. 2009. Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources. Environmental Pollution, 157: 569-574.

García, A. 1994. Impregnación por plomo y cadmio en aves silvestres de la región de Murcia. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Murcia, España.

Gómez, P.; Martínez, P.; León, M. & García, A. 2011. Blood lead level and μ- ALAD inhibition in nestlings of Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) to assess lead exposure associated to an abandoned mining area. Ecotoxicology, 20: 131-138.

Goyer, R. 1996. Toxic effects of metals. In: Casarett and Doull's toxicology. The basic Science of Poison. Klaassen, C., Amdur, M. & Doull, J. (eds.). 5th. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 691-736.

Guillén, M. 2009. Evaluación de la exposición a metales pesados en autillos de la Comunidad de Madrid y sus posibles efectos inmunodepresores. Conama, 10: 1-24.

Hargreaves, A. L.; Whiteside, D. P. & Gilchrist, G. 2010. Concentrations of 17 elements, including mercury, in the tissues, food and abiotic environment of Arctic shorebirds. Science of the Total Environment, 408: 3153-3161.

He, Z.L.; Yang, X.E. & Stofella, P.J. 2005. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19: 125-140.

Herlander, B.; Axelsson, J.; Borg, H.; Holm, K. & Bignert, A. 2009. Ingestion of lead ammunition and lead concentrations in white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Sweden. Science of Total Environment, 407: 5555-5563.

Hernandez, M. & Margalida, A. 2009. Assessing the risk of lead exposure for the conservation of the endangered Pyrenean Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population. Environmental Research, 109: 837-842.

Hofer, C.; Gallagher, F. & Holzapfel, C. 2010. Metal accumulation and performance of nestling of passerine bird species at an urban brownfield site. Environmental Pollution, 158: 1207-1213.

Hollamby, S.; Afema-Azikuru, J.; Sikarskie, J.G.; Kaneene, J.B.; Bowerman, W.W.; Fitzgerald, S.D.; Cameron, K.; Gandolf, A.R.; Hui, G.N.; Dranzoa, C. & Rumbeiha, W.K. 2004. Mercury and persistent organic pollutant concentrations in African fish eagles, marabou sotriks, and Nile tilapia in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40: 501-514.

Honda, K.; Min, B. Y. & Tatsukawa, R. 1986. Distribution of heavy metals, and agerelated changes in the Eastern Great White Egret Egretta alba modesta in the Korea. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 15: 185- 197.

Honda, K.; Marcovecchio, J.; Kan, S.; Tatsukawa, R. & Ogi, H. 1990. Metal concentration in pelagic seabirds from the North Pacific Ocean. Archives of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 19: 704-711.

Hutton, M. 1981. Accumulation of heavy metals and selenium in three seabird species from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 26: 129-145.

I N TA ( Instituto de Tratamiento y Alimentación). 1988. Conocimientos actuales de nutrición. Universidad Austral de Chile, Santiago de Chile.

IPCS (Internacional Programme on Chemical Safety). 2000. Environmental Health Criteria 221, Zinc. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Janssens, E.; Dauwe, T.; Bervoets, L. & Eens, M. 2002. Inter- and intraclutch variability in heavy metals in feathers of Great Tit nestlings (Parus major) along a pollution gradient. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43: 323-329.

Jaspers, V.; Dauwe T., ; Pinxten R., ; Bervoets L., ; Blust, R. & Eens M. 2004. The importance of exogenous contamination on heavy metal levels in bird feathers. A field experiment with free-living greatt its , Parusmajor . Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 6: 356-360.

Jenni, L.; Madry, M. M.; Kraemer, T.; Kupper, J.; Naegeli, H.; Jenny, H. & Jenny, D. 2015. The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers, blood, bone, kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: insights into the modes of uptake. Journal of Ornithology. On line DOI 10.1007/s10336-015-1220-7.

Kenntner, N.; Tataruch, F. & Krone, O. 2001. Heavy metals in soft tissue of whitetailed eagles found dead or moribund in Germany and Austria from 1993 to 2000. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20: 1831-1837.

Kim, E.Y.; Goto, R.; Iwata, H.; Masuda, Y.; Tanabe, S. & Fujita, S. 1999. Preliminary survey of lead poisoning in Stellar's Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) and White-tailed Eagle (Khaliaeetus albicilla) in Hokkaido, Japan. Environmental and Toxicology Chemistry, 18: 448-451.

Kim, J. & Koo, T.-H. 2007. Heavy metal concentrations in diet and livers of Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax and Grey Heron Ardea cinerea chicks from Pyeongtaek, Korea. Ecotoxicology, 16: 411-416.

Kim, J.; Park, S.-K. & Koo, T.-H. 2007. Trace elements and pollutants concentrations in shorebirds from Yeongjong Island, Korea in the East Asian-Australian migration flyways. Ecotoxicology, 16: 403-410.

Kim, J.; Lee, H.-S. & Koo, T.-H. 2009. Heavy metal concentrations in three shorebird species from Okgu Mudflat, Gunsan, Korea. Ecotoxicology, 19: 61-68.

Kim, J.; Lee, D.-P. & Koo, T.-H. 2010. Effects of age on heavy metal concentrations of black-crowned night herons Nycticorax nycticorax from Korea. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12: 600- 607.

Kim, J. & Oh, J. -M. 2013. Assessment of trace metal in four birds species from Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 6847-6854.

Klasing, K.C. 1998. Comparative avian nutrition. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Kramer, J.L. & Redig, P.T. 1997. Sixteen years of lead poisoning in eagles, 1980-95: An epizootiologic view. Journal of Raptor Research, 31: 327-332.

Krone, O.; Kenntner, N.; Trinogga, A.; Nadjafzadeh, N.; Scholz, F.; Sulawa, J.; Totschek, K.; Schuck-Wersig, P. & Zieschank, R. 2009. Lead poisoning in white-tailed sea eagles: Causes and approaches to solutions in Germany. In: In gestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans. Watson, R.T.; Fuller, M.; Pokras, A. & Hunt, W.G. (eds.). The Peregrine Fund, Boise. pp. 289-301.

Lewis, S. & Furness, R. 1991. Mercury accumulation and excretion by laboratory reared black-headed gull chicks. Archives of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 21: 316-320.

Locke, L. N. & Bagley G. E. 1967. Lead poisoning in a sample of Maryland mourning doves. Journal of Wildlife Management, 31: 515-518.

Marín, G.; Carvajal, Y. & Quilarque, E. 2011. Composición estacional de la avifauna en fragmentos de bosque de galería basimontano de la cuenca media del río Manzanares, estado Sucre, Venezuela. The Biologist, 9: 193-212.

Martínez, E.; Mojica, P.; Martínez, J.; Calvo, J.; Romero, D. & García, A. 2005. Cadmium in feathers of adults and blood of nestlings of three raptor species from a nonpolluted Mediterranean forest, Southeastern Spain. Bulletin of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 74: 477-484.

Martínez, E.; Romero, D.; Mojica, P.; Martínez, J.; Calvo, J. & García, A. 2009. Changes in blood pesticide levels in Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) associated with agricultural land practices. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 45-50.

Mateo, R.; Estrada, J.; Paquet, J.; Riera, X.; Domínguez, L.; Guitart, R. & Martínez- Vilalta, A. 1999. Lead shot ingestion by marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus from Ebro delta, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 104: 435-440.

Muñoz, J.; Marín, G. & Rodríguez, J. 2005. Dieta de tres especies de aves colúmbidas en un hábitat xerofítico litoral del nororiente de Venezuela. Saber, 17: 215-222.

Nam, D.H. & Lee, D.P., 2006a. Monitoring for Pb and Cd pollution using feral pigeons in rural, urban, and industrial environments of Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 357: 288-295.

Nam, D.H. & Lee, D.P. 2006b. Reproductive effects of heavy metal accumulation on breeding feral pigeons (Columba livia). Science of the Total Environment, 366: 682-687.

Nam, D. & Lee, D. 2006c. Possible routes for lead accumulation in feral pigeons (Columba livia). Science Total Environmental, 35: 288-295.

Niecke, M.; Heid, M. & Kruger, A. 1999. Correlations between melanin pigmentation and element concentration in feathers of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla). Journal of Ornithology, 140: 355-362.

Pagnanelli, F.; Papini, M.; Toro, L.; Trifoni, M. & Veglio, F. 2000. Biosorption of metal ions on Arthrobacter sp.; biomass characterization and biosorption modeling. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 2773-2778.

Pain, D. 1989. Haematological parameters as predictors of blood lead and indicators of lead poisoning in the Black Duck (Anas rubripes). Environmental Pollution, 60: 67.

Pain, D.; Meharg, A.; Ferrer, M.; Taggart, M. & Penteriani, V. 2005. Lead concentrations in bones and feathers of the globally threatened Spanish Imperial Eagle. Biological Conservation, 121: 603-610.

Pérez-López, M.; Hermoso, M.; López- Beceiro, A. & Soler-Rodríguez, F. 2008. Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) and metalloids (As) contents in raptor species from Galicia (NW Spain). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 70: 154-162.

Qadir, A. & Malik, R. N. 2009. Assessment of an index of biological integrity (IBI) to quantify the quality of two tributaries of river Chenab, Sialkot, Pakistan. Hydrobiologia, 621: 127-153.

Rattner, B.; Golden, N.; Toschik, P.; Mcgowan, P. & Custer, T. 2008. Concentrations of metal in blood and feathers of nestling ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in Cheasapeake and Delaware Bays. Archives of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 54: 114-122.

Sarkar, B., Laussac, J. & Lau, S. 1983. Transport forms of copper in human serum. In: Biological aspects of metals and metal related diseases. Sarkar, B. (ed.). Raven Press, New York. pp. 23-40.

Scheifler, R.; Coeurdassier, M.; Morilhat, C.; Bernard, N.; Faivre, B.; Flicoteaux, P.; Giraudoux, P.; Noël, M.; Piotte, P.; Rieffel, D.; de Vaufleury, A. & Badot, P.M. 2006. Lead concentrations in feathers and blood of common blackbirds (Turdus merula) and in earthworms inhabiting unpolluted and moderately polluted urban areas. Science of the Total Environment, 371: 197-205.

Scheuhammer, A. M. 1987. The chronic toxicity aluminium, cadmium, mercury and lead in birds : are view. Environmental Pollution, 46: 263-295.

Schilderman, P.; Hoogewerff, J. A.; Van Schooten, F. -J.; Maas, L. M.; Moonen, E.J.C.; Van Os. B.J.H.; Van Wijnen, J. H. & Kleinjans, J.C.S. 1997. Possible relevance of pigeons as an indicator species for monitoring air contamination. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105: 322-330.

Sharma, P.; Kumari, P.; Srivastava, M. & Srivastava, S. 2006. Removal of cadmiun from aqueous system by shelled Moringa oleifera Lam. seed powder. Bioresource Technology, 97: 299-305.

Sileo, L.; Beyer, N. & Mateo, R. 2004. Pancreatitis in wild zinc-poisoned waterfowl. Avian Pathology, 32: 665- 660.

Snoeijs, T.; Dauwe, T.; Pinxten, R.; Vandesande, F. & Eens, M. 2004. Heavy metal exposure affects the humoral immune response in a free-living small songbird, the Great Tit (Parus major). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 46: 399- 404.

Stohs, S. J. & Bagchi, D. 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 18: 321-336.

Thompson, D. 1990. Metal levels in marine vertebrates. In: Heavy metals in the marine environment. Furness, R. & Rainbow, P. (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Ratón. pp. 43-182.

Wayland, M. & Bollinger, T. 1999. Lead exposure and poisoning in bald eagles and golden eagles in the Canadian prairie provinces. Environmental Pollution, 104: 341-350.

Weyers, B.; Gluck, E. & Stoeppler, M. 1988. Investigation of the significance of heavy metal contents of blackbird feathers. Science of Total Environment, 77: 61-67.

Zaccaroni, A.; Amorena, M.; Naso, B.; Castellani, G.; Lucisano, A. & Stracciari, G.L. 2003. Cadmium, chromium and lead contamination of Athene noctua, the Little Owl, of Bologna and Parma, Italy. Chemosphere, 52: 1251-1258.

Published

2016-04-26

How to Cite

Alpino-Cabrera, M., Muñoz-Gil, J., & Marín-Espinoza, G. (2016). PRESENCIA DE METALES PESADOS EN LA PALOMITA MARAQUITA (COLUMBINA SQUAMMATA LESSON 1831), DEL ESTADO SUCRE, VENEZUELA. The Biologist, 14(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.24039/rtb201614185

Issue

Section

Original Articles