Insects associated with potato in the Huatta community (Pisac, Calca, Cusco) were evaluated using color

traps. The traps were plastic trays with water and detergent placed in the field, the evaluated colors were:

white, yellow, green, red and blue. Two evaluations were made, one in November and the other one in

December 2019. Identifications were made to the family level. The analyzes performed were:

multifactorial ANOVA, ANOSIM, non-metric multidimensional scaling and SIMPER. Statistical

differences were found between the colors evaluated and dissimilarity between them. In total, 30 families

of insects have were found associated with the potato crop. The color traps used in the present research

show independence in the number of families captured: Yellow (1.47), Blue (1.36), Red (1.35), White

(1.32) and Green (1.21). The percentage of contribution of the families collected in the color traps used

has been determined. Collembola (10.94), Drossophilidae (9.75), Chrysomelidae (3.75), Phoridae (3.44)

and Anthomyiidae (3.13) showed the more important contribution in SIMPER analysis. A high positive

correlation was found between the colors white with yellow, and red with blue.

The Biologist

(Lima)

The Biologist (Lima), 20 , 1 ( ), j - : 20 8 2 ul dec 277-285.

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN POTATO CROP CAPTURED USING COLOR

TRAPS IN CUSCO, PERU

DIVERSIDAD Y ABUNDANCIA DE INSECTOS EN PAPA EMPLEANDO TRAMPAS DE COLORES

EN CUSCO, PERÚ

Laboratorio de Entomología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco,Av. Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú

*Corresponding author: erick.yabar@unsaac.edu.pe

ABSTRACT

Keywords: color traps – Cusco – pests – potato

The Biologist (Lima)

ISSN Versión Impresa 1816-0719

ISSN Versión en linea 1994-9073 ISSN Versión CD ROM 1994-9081

doi:10.24039/rtb2020182807

277

The Biologist

(Lima)

VOL. 18, Nº 2, JUL-DEC 2020

The Biologist (Lima)

Versión en Linea:

ISSN 1994-9073

Versión Impresa:

ISSN 1816-0719 Versión CD-ROM:

ISSN 1994-9081

PUBLICADO POR:AUSPICIADO POR:

ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA,

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICA,

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL FEDERICO VILLARREAL

1 1 1 1,*

Gretta Huamanrayme ; Catherine Mamani ; Jorge Curo-Miranda & Erick Yabar-Landa

ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

Se evaluó la diversidad de insectos asociados a un cultivo de papa en la comunidad de Huatta (Pisac,

Calca, Cusco), Perú empleando trampas de colores blanco, amarillo, verde, rojo y azul. Las trampas

fueron bandejas de plástico con agua y detergente colocadas en el interior de los cultivos para determinar

el efecto del color de las trampas en las evaluaciones de las comunidades de insectos. Se hicieron dos

evaluaciones, una en noviembre y otra en diciembre del 2019. Las identificaciones se hicieron hasta el

nivel de familia. Los análisis realizados fueron: ANOVA multifactorial, ANOSIM, escalamiento

multidimensional no métrico y SIMPER. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los colores

evaluados y los índices de disimilitud. En total se colectaron 30 familias de insectos asociados al cultivo de

papa. Las trampas de colores mostraron independencia en el número de familias capturadas: amarillo

1.47, azul 1.36, rojo 1.35, blanco 1.32, verde 1.21. Se determinó el porcentaje de contribución de las

familias colectadas para cada color de trampa. Collembola (10,94), Drossophilidae (9,75),

Chrysomelidae (3,75), Phoridae (3,44) and Anthomyiidae (3,13) mostraron la contribución más

importante en el análisis SIMPER. Se encontró alta correlación positiva entre los colores blanco con

amarillo, rojo y azul.

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

INTRODUCTION

278

The potato crop hosts to numerous species of

insects that attack all the organs of the plant

(Radcliffe, 1982) and, due to its economic

importance, it has been the subject of several

integrated management strategies (Carrera &

Cermeli, 2001; Rondon et al., 2003; Galindo &

Español, 2004; Rondon, 2010; Cañedo et al.,

2011).

Among the main strategies for monitoring and

controlling pests in potatoes and other crops are:

the use of pheromones (Foster & Harris, 1997;

Carrizo, 1998; Weinzierl et al., 2005; Farfán &

Iannacone, 2009), color traps (Chavez & Raman,

1987; Boiteau, 1990; Cabello et al., 1991;

Rodríguez & Vásquez, 2000; Atakan & Canhilal,

2004; Jiménez et al., 2004; Bravo-Portocarrero et

al. 2020), light traps (Boiteau, 2009; Day & Reid,

1969) and others.

Color traps has demonstrated to be effective to

monitoring and control several pests, by example,

Lygus sp. (Blackmer et al., 2008), aphids (Boiteau,

1990), Chrysomelidae (Boiteau, 2009), Thripidae

(Cardenas & Corredor, 1989; Carrizo, 1998;

González et al., 1999; Cabello et al., 1991; Jiménez

et al., 2004; Demirel & Yildirim, 2008; Virgen et

al., 2011), Cicadellidae (Arismendi et al., 2009),

Agromyzidae (Chavez & Raman, 1987),

Curculionidae (Tapia et al. , 2010) and Braconidae

(Mena-Mociño et al., 2016).

Although there is no updated record of potato pests

in Cusco, but several general references can be

taken (Carrasco, 1967; Escalante et al., 1981;

Huamaní, 2020; Kroschel et al., 2020).

The project was proposed to: a) determine the

diversity and abundance of insects associated with

potato crop, b) determine the effect of traps colors

for the evaluation of the insect community

associated with potato crop.

The work was carried out in a commercial potato

field and it was not installed by the authors, the

potato field is located at Huatta community of

Palabras clave: Cusco – papa – plagas – trampas de color

RESUMEN

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Huamanrayme et al.

Huata (Pisac, Calca) with the following data:

Altitude: 3423 m, South latitude: 13° 27'21.87 ",

West longitude: 71° 52'20.43 ". The climatic

conditions are observed in Fig. 1.

Sampling

Five-color plastic trays were setted: white, yellow,

green, red and blue, each trap was 20 cm length and

10 cm width and 8 cm depth. The trays were filled

with water up to 50% of their total capacity, 1 g of

detergent was added to break the surface tension.

Two samplings were carried out, one in November

and the other one in December 2019, using a piece

of organza cloth to filter the water from each trap.

The collected material was transferred to bottles

with alcohol, one bottle per tray, and it was taken to

the Laboratorio de Entomología de la Universidad

Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (CEUC-

UNSAAC), Perú.

Trays were arranged randomly, three repetitions

were used for each color, making a total of 15 trays

for each evaluation (Southwood, 1966).

Identification

All the material was separated by morphotypes and

identified down to the family level, except in some

cases where it reached genus and/or species. For

the identification, the Triplehorn & Johnson (2005)

keys were used.

279

Analysis

The counts were arranged in an Excel® matrix of

families by colors. A normality test was performed

and the data were transformed to √ x + 1. With the

transformed data, a multifactorial ANOVA test was

done taking as factors: colors, families and the

interaction colors by families with the Statistica

8.0® program. In cases where significant

differences were found, a Tukey test was

performed (α = 0.05). The diversity was

determined using the Simpson index:

and 1-D to determine diversity as well as the

estimator Chao1. This estimator is based on

abundance, it refers to the abundance of individuals

that belong to a certain class in a sample, which can

be site, quadrant, trap, etc. It is based,

fundamentally, on the presence of species

represented only by one individual in the sample

and the number of species represented by two

individuals in the sample (Escalante, 2007;

González-Oreja et al., 2010).

Additionally, multidimensional scaling and

ANOSIM were performed to determine the

differences between colors with the PAST®

program. Multidimensional scaling comprises a

Figure 1. Precipitation and temperature of the Huatta community (Pisac, Calca).

c=∑

pi2

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

Insects in potato crop

family of multivariate procedures that make it

possible to represent the proximities between a set

of elements as distances in a space. The NMDS

(Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling) uses a

monotonous least squares regression –––(López-

González & Hidalgo, 2010). The Similarity

Analysis (ANOSIM) is a non-parametric test that is

used to determine the statistical significance of the

groups by means of a cluster analysis. The program

calculates the R statistic that denotes dissimilarity

between groups if its value approaches or exceeds 1

(Giraldo, 2015). A correlation matrix was

performed using Pearson´s linear correlation

coefficient to determine the association between

the evaluated colors with SPSS 17® program.

Due to there are significant differences between

RESULTS

280

families the taxa that contributed to the most of

these differences were identified using the

SIMPER analysis (Clarke & Warwick, 2001; Cruz-

Motta, 2007).

Ethic aspects: The authors have followed the

ethical regulation of the country.

ANOVA shows statistically significant differences

for colors, families and families by color

interaction (Table 1).

Table 1. Response of insect families to color traps in potato cultivation

White Yellow

Green

Red

blue

1.32 bc*

1.47

1.21 c 1.35

b 1.36 a b

ANOVA

Colors (P = 0.00000)

Families (P = 0.00000)

Families x colors (P = 0.00000)

*Different letters for each color indicate statistically signiﬁcant differences (LSD, α = 0.05)

The Simpson Index shows greater diversity (1-D =

0.90) for red color, but the value of Chao 1 indicates

the greatest number of families could correspond to

yellow (Chao1 = 26) (Table 2).

The Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling shows

dissimilarity between the colors used (Fig. 2)

Table 2. Number of families, Simpson's diversity index (1-D) and Chao1 estimator for color traps in

potato cultivation.

Color # Families

Simpson Index

(1-D) Chao1

White 22

0.87 24

Yellow 25

0.88 26

Green 20

0.80 22.5

Red 20

0.90 20

blue 22 0.88 22.75

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

Huamanrayme et al.

Pearson´s linear correlation coefficient shows a

greater association between color pans used to

evaluate insects associated to potato cultivation.

(Table 3).

281

The dissimilarity analysis shows an R value is close

to 0: 0.22 (P = 0.03), which indicates dissimilarity

between the evaluated colors (Table 4).

Figure 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling for insects captured by color traps in potato cultivation.

Table 3. Pearson´s linear correlation coefﬁcient between color pans in potato cultivation.

White

Yellow

Green Red Blue

White

Yellow 0.887**

Green 0.403*

0.585**

Red 0.530**

0.420*

0.072

Blue 0.859**

0.846**

0.590** 0.536**

** correlation is signiﬁcant at 0.01 level. * correlation is signiﬁcant at 0.05 level

Table 4. ANOSIM (Dissimilarity Analysis) values for the colors used.

N permutation

9999

Average range

dissimilarity

within

groups 42.8

Range prom

and

gave

the

dissimilarity

between

groups 54.7

A: 0.22

P 0.03

The SIMPER analysis shows the contribution

percentage of the identified families (Table 5).

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

Insects in potato crop

Color traps have demonstrated to be an efficient

technique to evaluate and control several pest

species. However, most studies with color traps

have been done almost exclusively for monitoring

and control of specific pests, especially trips and

cicadellids (Cardenas & Corredor, 1989; Cabello et

al., 1991; Carrizo, 1998; González et al., 1999;

Jiménez et al., 2004; Demirel & Yildirim, 2008;

Virgen et al., 2011), Agromyzidae (Chavez &

Raman, 1987), Dryoptoridae (Tapia et al., 2010)

and Braconidae (Mena-Mociño et al., 2016).

In this case, an evaluation was made with the total

DISCUSSION

282

of species captured and the results show that the use

of color traps was a good instrument to detect insect

species in potato.

Statistical differences show each color, is acting on

a determined number of families, how it has been

indicated in several references (Chavez & Raman,

1987; Boiteau, 1990; Dreistadt et al., 1998; Atakan

& Canhilal, 2004; Demirel & Yildirim, 2008). The

present research showed that the color traps can

attract a large number of species not necessarily

harmful to the crop. Thus, more than 30 families

are reported (Table 5) but only some of them

contain species that are harmful to potato crop.

A possible limitation for this type of research is

Table 5. SIMPER analysis for number of individuals by families identified in color pans evaluated in potato

cultivation.

Taxon Av. Dissim Contrib. % Cumulative% Mean

Mean

Collembola 10.94 21.51 21.51 14.3 6.67

Drosophilidae

9,751

19.17

40.67

9.33

Chrysomelidae

3,752

7,375

48.05

2.33

Phoridae

3,441

6,764

54.81

3.67

5.67

Anthomyiidae

3,136

6,163

60.97

4.33

Cicadellidae

2,312

4,545

65.52

1.67

2.33

Cecidomyiidae

1,806

3.55

69.07

2.33

Muscidae

1,806

3.55

72.62

0.667

Tipulidae

1,774

3,487

76.1

0.667

Ptiliidae

1,412

2,775

78.88

1.33

Aphididae

1,372

2,696

81.58

0.333

1.33

Pteromalidae

1,308

2,571 84.15 1.33

1.33

Araneae

1,225

2,407 86.55 0.333

Braconidae

1,049

2,062 88.62 0.667

0.667

Sarcophagidae

0.8907

1,751 90.37 0.667

0.333

Dolichopodidae

0.8646

1,699 92.07 0.333

0.667

Bibionidae

0.801

1,574 93.64 0

0.667

Staphylinidae

0.7847

1,542 95.18 0

0.667

Psyllidae

0.4245

0.8345

96.02

0.333

Chloropidae

0.4245

0.8345

96.85

0.333

Pergidae

0.4245

0.8345

97.69

0.333

Apidae

0.4245

0.8345

98.52

0.333

Calliphoridae

0.3805

0.748

99.27

0.333

Agromyzidae

0.372

0.7312

100

0.333

Tephritidae

100

Tachinidae

100

Syrphidae

100

Coccinellidae 0 0 100 0 0

Sciaridae 0 0 100 0 0

Mycetophilidae 0 0 100 0 0

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

Huamanrayme et al.

that the insect fauna associated with potato

cultivation in Cuzco is not adequately known, and,

in many cases, species such as “sp.” or “spp” are

still reported (Carrasco, 1967; Escalante et al.,

1981; Huamaní, 2020), even in species of great

economic importance such as the “skeletonizer”

(García-Sinche & Catalán-Bazán, 2011) or the

potato moth.

The multidimensional scaling shows independence

between the evaluated colors even when a slight

overlap between the blue and white colors is

observed (Fig. 2), which one is confirmed by

observing the values found in the pair analysis

(Table 3) and the ANOSIM values, with an R value

close to 0 (Table 4).

Regardless of the results found so far, it can be

assumed that it is feasible to use color traps to

monitor insect populations in the potato crops. This

will be more effective with an adequate knowledge

of the insects associated with the crop, and not

necessarily using other types of traps (Atakan &

Canhilal, 2004; Weinzierl et al., 2005; Boiteau,

2009).

The fact of collecting many families, it does not

necessarily indicate a high efficiency of the traps, if

this is not accompanied by an adequate recognition

of the attracted insects. So, Chrysomelidae, with a

contribution of 7,375 contains several of the most

economically important species for crop, by

example, Epitrix spp., Diabrotica Chevrolat, 1837

(several species), Calligrapha curvilinea Stal,

1859, etc. The Cicadellidae family, with a

contribution of 4,545%, includes species of

economic importance, such as Empoasca (Walsh,

1862) and other genera. However, it is necessary to

point out the case of the Pergidae family, with a

contribution of 0.8345%, which includes one of the

species considered to be a key pest for potato crops

in the highland of Peru and is associated with

yellow traps: Tequus ducra (Smith, 1980)

(Hymenoptera, Pergidae).

These species are considered very important for

potato crop and they can cause great economic

importance damages (García-Sinche & Catalán-

Bazán, 2011). However, until now, there are not an

adequate strategy for its management, mainly

because farmers and technicians do not make a

proper differentiation between adults or their

283

immature stages (Yabar, personal observation).

Therefore, the yellow traps used in the present

research are inexpensive and easy to manage, and

these could be a suitable alternative to early

detection of populations of these insects and other

pests and these techniques can also be applied to

local management strategies.

In total, 30 families of insects have been found

associated with potato crop. The color traps used

in the present research show independence in the

number of families captured: Yellow 1.47, Blue

1.36, Red 1.35, White 1.32, Green 1.21. The

percentage of contribution of the families

collected, in the color traps used, has been

determined. Collembola (10.94), Drossophilidae

(9.75), Chrysomelidae (3,75), Phoridae (3,44) and

Anthomyiidae (3.13) showed the more important

contribution in SIMPER anaylisis.

The authors thank to Silvia Rondón (Oregon State

University) for the critical revision of the

manuscript and to Sulpicio Flores (University of

Puerto Rico) for the suggested corrections. Special

thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their

insightful observations that have greatly improved

this article.

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Received August 22, 2020.

Accepted October 3, 2020.

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº2, jul - dec 2020

Insects in potato crop