The Biologist

(Lima)

VOL. 18, Nº 1, JAN-JUN 2020

The Biologist (Lima)

Versión en Linea:

ISSN 1994-9073

Versión Impresa:

ISSN 1816-0719 Versión CD-ROM:

ISSN 1994-9081

PUBLICADO POR:AUSPICIADO POR:

ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA,

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MATEMÁTICA,

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL FEDERICO VILLARREAL

The Biologist

(Lima)

The Biologist (Lima), 2020, 18(1), jan-jun: 29-38.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

OSTEOLOGY OF SCIADES COUMA VALENCIENNES, 1864

(OSTEICHTHYES, SILURIFORMES; ARIIDAE)

OSTEOLOGIA DE SCIADES COUMA VALENCIENNES, 1864

(OSTEICHTHYES, SILURIFORMES; ARIIDAE)

1Núcleo de Estudos Morfosiológicos Avançados (NEMO), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal

(PPGCA)/Universidade Estadual do Maranhão(UEMA).

2Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad Animal. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática.

Grupo de Investigación en Sostenibilidad Ambiental (GISA). Escuela Universitaria de PostGrado (EUPG.

Universidad Federico Villarreal- Lima-Perú.

3Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Ricardo Palma- Lima- Perú.

*Corresponding Author: diego_carvalho_@hotmail.com

1 1 1

Carlos Alailson Licar-Rodrigues ; Jociel Ferreira-Costa ; Luiz Bruno Oliveira-Chung ;

1 1,* 2,3

Nayara Barbosa Santos-Espínola : Diego Carvalho-Viana & Jose Iannacone

ABSTRACT

Keywords: actinopterigeos – Maranhão – osteotechnics

Sciades couma Valenciennes, 1864 is known as bragalhão, white catfish or common catfish. It has a wide

geographical distribution and inhabits the estuarine/saltmarsh environments. Considering the lack of data

in the literature about its osteology, this study aimed to describe the S. couma skeleton in order to assist

future studies such as fish phylogeny and taxonomy. For this, a specimen of S. couma was used, and the

removal of viscera, cleaning of the structures, elimination of residues and whitening of skeleton and fixing

on a glass base. The results point to a similarity between the S. couma skeleton and other teleosts species,

in which the elements of the spine articulate with each other, presenting similar relationships between the

neurocranium, spine and caudal regions.

The Biologist (Lima)

ISSN Versión Impresa 1816-0719

ISSN Versión en linea 1994-9073 ISSN Versión CD ROM 1994-9081

doi: 10.24039/rtb2020181446

RESUMO

Palavras-chave: actinopterígeos – Maranhão – osteotécnica

Sciades couma Valenciennes, 1864 é conhecido como bragalhão, bagre-branco ou bagre comum. Possui

ampla distribuição geográfica e habita os ambientes estuarino/dulcícola. Considerando a carência de

dados na literatura sobre a sua osteologia, este trabalho objetivou descrever o esqueleto de S. couma no

sentido de auxiliar estudos futuros como filogenia e taxonomía de peixes. Para isso, utilizou-se um

exemplar de S. couma, e foram realizados a remoção de vísceras, limpeza das estruturas, eliminação de

resíduos, clareamento do esqueleto e fixação em base de vidro. Os resultados apontam uma similaridade

entre o esqueleto de S. couma com outras espécies de teleósteos em que os elementos da coluna vertebral

se articulam entre si, apresentando relações entre o neurocrânio, coluna vertebral e região caudal.

Sciades couma (Fig.1A and 1B) is commonly

known as bragalhão, white catfish or simply

common catfish. It is a species found in all

estuarine environments, on muddy substrates of

these estuaries, also occurring in fresh water

(Soares et al., 2016). It is a species widely

distributed from the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela) to

the eastern coast of Maranhão. And the gender is

formed by several Sciades dowii Gill, 1863;

Sciades herzbergii Bloch, 1794; Sciades parkeri

Traill, 1832; Sciades passany Valenciennes, 1840;

Sciades paucus Kailola, 2000; Sciades proops

Valenciennes, 1840; Sciades sona Hamilton, 1822

species. Its anatomical characteristics are very

peculiar, presenting a fold of skin joining the

posterior nostrils transversely; large semi-lunar

pre-dorsal plate; 17 to 21 branchial traces in the 2

branchial arch; dentiferous plaques of the roof of

the mouth forming a wide transverse strip with the

corners projected backwards, that is, the pointed

dental plaques forming a narrow triangle on each

side (Fig. 1). In addition, S. couma has two pairs of

barbels (Cervigón et al., 1992).

Studies in Brazil about fish osteology are still

scarce, especially those related to the Siluriform

order. However, works are found for other species

of fish through the following studies carried out by

Andreata & Barbiéri (1993) for Geophagus

brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824; Bemvenuti

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

RESUMEN

Palabra clave: actinopterigeos - Maranhão - osteotécnica

Sciades couma Valenciennes, 1864 se conoce como bragalhão, bagre blanco o bagre común. Tiene una

amplia distribución geográfica y habita los ambientes de estuarios / dulceacuícolas. Teniendo en cuenta la

falta de datos en la literatura sobre su osteología, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el esqueleto de

S. couma para ayudar a futuros estudios, como la filogenia y la taxonomía de peces. Para esto, se usó un

ejemplar de S. couma, y se realizó la extracción de vísceras, limpieza de las estructuras, eliminación de

residuos y blanqueamiento del esqueleto y fijación sobre base de vidrio. Los resultados apuntan a una

similitud entre el esqueleto de S. couma y otras especies de teleósteos, en el que los elementos de la

columna se articulan entre sí, presentando relaciones entre el neurocráneo, la columna vertebral y la

región caudal.

INTRODUCTION

(1995) for Odontesthes mirinensis Bemvenuti,

1996; Gonzalez & Amenomori (2003) for

Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus 1758;

Bemvenuti (2005) for Odontesthes bonariensis

Valenciennes, 1835; O. humensis De Buen, 1953,

O. retropinnis De Buen, 1953, O. perugiae

Evermann & Kendall, 1906, O. mirinensis, O. incis

Jenyns, 1842 and O. argentinensis (Valenciennes,

1835); Lopes et al. (2014) for Characidium

timbuiense Travassos, 1946. For the species of the

Siluriformes order, Marceniukv (2005) works for

Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803) and Genidens

machadoi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918), Buitrago-

Suárez (2006) for Pseudoplatystoma sp., Betancur

et al. (2007) for Ariidae family; Marceniuk &

Menezes (2007) for the Ariidae family; Betancur et

al. (2008) for Sciades parkeri Traill, 1832, Abrahão

& Pupo (2014) for suliforms in general; Calegari &

Reis (2016) for Gelanoglanis nanonocticolus

Soares-Porto, Walsh, Nico & Netto, 1999, Silva et

al. (2016) for the Neoplecostominae subfamily;

Soares (2016) for Genidens barbus (Lacepède,

1803), Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 and

Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766); Carvalho et al.

(2017) for Hoplomyzon sp. Marceniuk et al. (2019)

for Chinchaysuyoa labiata Marceniuk, Marchena,

Oliveira & Betancur-R, 2019 and Shibatta (2019)

for Batrochoglanis castaneus Shibatta, 2019, B.

transmontanus (Regan, 1913), B. raninus

(Valenciennes, 1840) were found.

The skeleton of the fish can be subdivided into two

main parts: Axial which comprises the skull, spine,

Licar-Rodrigues et al.

Figure 1. Description of the Sciades couma particular characteristics that differentiates it from other species of Sciades (Cervigón

et al., 1992).

the literature on osteology in fish, this study aimed

to describe the skeleton of S. couma in order to

assist future studies such as phylogeny and

taxonomy of fish.

sternum and ribs, and appendicular covering the

limbs and fins / wings. Regarding the vertebral

column, it can present parts classified as trunk

vertebrae (TV) and flow vertebrae (FV)

(Hildebrand, 1995). Considering the lack of data in

Based on the detailed conservation in the discipline

of Anatomical Techniques of the Graduate

Program in Animal Science at the State University

of Maranhão (UEMA), Brazil, this work was

carried out with a single specimen of S. couma, as a

way of contributing with information in the

literature, measuring 50 cm in total length, 40 cm in

standard length, weighing 805 g, female and not

being sexually mature.

The specimen was eviscerated and then macerated

to remove muscle tissue (Villarroel-Guerra &

Troncoso-Felipe, 2017; Riquelme et al., 2018). To

perform this procedure, the specimen was wrapped

in aluminum foil and baked for 65 min. Then, a lot

of muscle tissue was removed with a surgical

forceps. Subsequently, the skeleton was exposed to

the open air in order to attract flies and/or ants in

MATERIAL AND METHOD order to remove remains of muscle tissue in regions

where the forceps did not have access (Gutiérrez-

Ramos, 2014).

To clear the skeleton and remove muscle tissue

residues, the specimen was immersed in oxygen

peroxide (H O ) solution (40 vol) and distilled

2 2

water, in the proportion of 90 ml of hydrogen

peroxide and 1.500 ml of water for one time of 120

minutes (Rodrigues, 1998). For bone

terminologies, Soares et al. (2016) was used. The

prominent processes of the first pre-caudal and

caudal vertebrae presented for the catfish are

similar to those established by Weitzman (1962)

for Brycon mecki. In the process of treatment and

counting of the vertebrae, the growth marks used

by La Marca (1966) and Daiber (1960) were

observed. During this period, a toothbrush was

used to help remove muscle tissue residues.

Finally, the skeleton was exposed to the sun for

drying. To assemble the skeleton, a glass base,

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Osteology of Sciades couma

Ethic aspects: The authors point out that all

national and international ethical aspects were

observed.

The skull of S. couma is broad and compact with

granular surface bones, with the presence of a

cranial fontanelle, being differentiated in anterior

and posterior. Lateral ethmoid bone evident and

premaxillary associating with dental plaques. Still

in the skull, it is possible to see delineations on the

plaque such as Sphenoid, Pterotic, Supracleitro,

Extra-scapular, Parieto-Supraociptal and the

frontal region. In the posterior region of the skull, it

is possible to observe the supra-occipital process

with projections of the dorsal fin aculeus (Fig. 2).

aluminum corner piece was used to support the

bones that were glued using hot glue, tecbonder

glue, cotton and salt. Photographswere taken to

record all phases of the procedure.

Throughout the work, images were presented that

illustrate and help to identify the vertebrae and their

subdivisions, the neurocranium with its diagnostic

structures, dorsal and pectoral fins, in addition to

apparent rigid acuules and the caudal region. It

should be noted that some anatomical structures

found for S. couma are similar to those of other

species of Teleosts. This variation can occur

intraspecific and/or interspecific. The data

presented in this work for S. couma were discussed

in a comparative way, from other fish species

already studied by several authors and made

available in the scientific literature worldwide. Due

to the scarcity of data and anatomical descriptions

specific to S. couma, it was possible to obtain

information and discuss it carefully so that the

results obtained are consistent.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2. Ventral view (below) of the neurocranium of Sciades couma (catfish). PM - Pre-maxillary; FA - Anterior Fontanela; FP -

Fontanela Posterior; Fr - Front; Es - Sphenoid; Pt - Pterotic; SC - Supracleitro; EE - Extra-scapular; PS - Parieto - supraociptal;

PSO - Supra-occipital process; Pv - Parapophysis of the vertebra.

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Licar-Rodrigues et al.

is perceived as well as the Frontal structure (Fr),

however the complex vertebra is different in both.

The data described by Kobelkowsky (2004) for the

Dendrobates auratus species are similar to those

expressed in this work for S. couma, as well as

those of Soares et al. (2016)

The species under study has a total of 52 vertebrae,

being divided into 23 thoracic and 27 caudal, in

addition to presenting 20 pairs of ribs, with the last

two in the fusion process, forming the hematic

spine in the other vertebrae (Fig. 3A and 3B). They

also have a rigid dorsal fin, which is connected to

the supra-occipital process (Fig. 2). The pectoral

fins also have such rigid constructions.

The neurocranium of S. couma differs between

species of the gender. Soares et al. (2016) describes

a detailed anatomy of the cranial structure of the

sea catfish (Genidens barbus) very similar to the

catfish, S.couma. Several anatomical structures

described for G. barbus are similar to S. couma in

which the presence of a granular surface constitutes

one of the diagnostic characters of the Sciades

genders. Its benthic habit (Buckup et al., 2003), is

one of the probable hypotheses for the ventral

dorsum flattening of the neurocranium of this

gender.

When comparing the structure of the S. couma

neurocranium with the Diapterus auratus species,

a certain similarity of the Parieto-Supraociptal (PS)

Figure 3. Sciades couma vertebrae description. A. S. couma spine division into caudal vertebrae (CV) and thoracic vertebrae

(TV); B. Fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae (B).

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Osteology of Sciades couma

as observed in the more caudal vertebrae. Dorsal

arches and zygapophyses between the vertebrae

are evident (Fig. 4).

The following structures were identified in the

thoracic vertebrae: neural spine, neural arch,

vertebral center and ribs. In the thoracic vertebrae,

the spinous process is larger and decreases in size

Figure 4. Description of the thoracic vertebrae of Sciades couma. A. Caudal view; B. Cranial view; C. Lateral view.

varies according to the fish species which may be

lower or higher than certain taxa. Bemvenuti

(2005) demonstrates that the number of pre-caudal

vertebrae is higher than that of the tail for some

species, such as Odontesthes bonariensis,

Odontesthes humensis, Odontesthes mirinensis,

Odontesthes perugiae and Odontesthes retropinis,

but in a much smaller number for Odontesthes

incisa. In a comparative way, it is possible to notice

that S. couma presented a smaller relative number

of pre-caudal vertebrae and the caudal ones

presented in a much larger number.

The elements of the spine articulate with each other

through firm vertebral centers, with tissue

structures between the adjacent amphicellic

vertebrae, derived from the notochord, showing

relationships between the neurocranium, spine and

In the caudal vertebrae, the main structures

observed are arch and neural spine, vertebral

center, hematic arch and spine (Fig. 5). The caudal

complex is formed by the last caudal vertebra,

pleural center and structures that support the rays of

the caudal fin (Fig. 6). The catfish species studied

has a "furcated" fin very common in bone fish

(Osteichthyes). In catfish, the prominence of rays

in the fin and its subdivisions was verified

according to the tail region. Serra & Langeani

(2006) emphasizes the presence of hypurals in the

caudal fin that differ and such differentiation is

observed in the caudal fin of S. couma.

The prominent processes of the first pre-caudal and

caudal vertebrae presented for the catfish are

similar to those established by Weitzman (1962)

for Brycon mecki. The total number of vertebrae

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Licar-Rodrigues et al.

Figure 5. Description of the caudal vertebra of Sciades couma. A. Caudal view; B. Left Lateral view; C. Right lateral view; D.

Ventral; E. Cranial; F. Dorsal.

Figure 6. Sciades couma caudal complex showing the main structures in this region.

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Osteology of Sciades couma

articulation of the caudal fin rays with elements of

the spine differently from what happens with the

other fins (even and odd) of fish, like S. couma

(Pough et al., 2008; Carvalho, 2010).

caudal region (Fig. 7A-C). In bony fish, the

vertebrae usually have a central element, a neural

arch with a spine and, on the tail, a hematic arch

with a spine. It is possible to visualize the

Figure 7. S. couma Skeleton. A. Anatomical position; B. Neurocranial region; C. Caudal region.

compatible and compared to other species of

teleost fish with a life habit similar to that studied in

this work. It was possible to infer that the flattened

structure of the S. couma skull reflects the benthic

habit of the animal life.

The arrangement of the thoracic and caudal

vertebrae are similar to other species of fish of the

order Siluriformes, in which differences were

found in their number, especially in the pre-caudal

and caudal. The horizontal anatomical pattern of S.

couma is noticeable, showing a strong relationship

and synchrony of structures from the neurocranial

region to the caudal. In this, you can conclude that

Although our work has demonstrated descriptions

about the osteology of S. couma, the main

anatomical structures and the contribution of its

importance to the area of taxonomy in fish.

According to Carvalho (2010), the Siluriformes

order in which S. couma belongs, corresponds to

one of the most diversified among teleost fish,

having anatomical, physiological and behavioral

variations important for living in the environment.

The anatomical pattern of S.couma, which

comprises special structures such as a spine

subdivided into thoracic and caudal vertebrae, a set

of fins, a neurocranium and other structures, is

The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 18, Nº1, jan - jun 2020

Licar-Rodrigues et al.

Abrahão, V. P. & Pupo, F.M.R.S. 2014. Técnica de

dissecção do neurocrânio de Siluriformes

para estudo do encéfalo. Boletim da

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia, 112: 21-

26.

Andreata, J.V. & Barbiéri, L.R.R. 1993. Osteologia

do crânio de Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy

& Gaimard, 1824) (Perfiformes, Labroidei,

Cichlidae). Biotemas, 6: 73-88.

Bemvenuti, M.A. 1995. Odontesthes mirinensis

sp. n . um novo peixe-rei (Pisces,

Atherinopsinae) para o extremo sul do

Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 12:

881-903.

Bemvenuti, M.A. 2005. Osteologia comparada

entre as espécies de peixes-rei Odontesthes

Evermann & Kendall (Osteichthyes,

Atherinopsidae) do sistema lagunar Patos-

Mirim, no extremo sul do Brasil. Revista

Brasileira de Zoologia, 22: 293-305.

Betancur, R.R.; Acero, P.A.; Bermingham, E. &

Coo ke, R . 2 007 . S yste mat ic and

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(Siluriformes: Ariidae) as inferred from

mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological

evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and

Evolution, 45: 339-357.

Betancur, R.R.; Marceniuk, A.P. & Béarez, P. 2008.

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y e v o l u c i ó n d e l a s e s p e c i e s d e

the tail is of the furcado type, presenting visible

symmetrical parts.

Although it was possible to make a brief

anatomical description using several bibliographic

sources of studies already carried out with different

species of fish, it is noticed that there are still gaps

and incipient data about the osteology of S. couma.

Therefore, future studies to characterize the

phylogeny and taxonomy of fish are necessary for

definition and other researchers areencouraged to

contribute more information about the anatomy of

S. couma in Brazil and in the world

P s e u d o p l a t y s t o m a B l e e k e r 1 8 6 2

(Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Revista de la

Academia Colombiana de Ciencias

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Buckup, P.A.; Figueiredo, J.L. & Moura, R.L.

2003. Catálogo das espécies de peixes

marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de

Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo.

Carvalho, M. 2010. Ontogenia comparada do

esplancnocrânio, aparelho de Weber e

esqueleto caudal de três espécies de

Otophysi, com ênfase em Siluriformes

(Pisces,Teleostei).Tese de doutorado.

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,

345 p.

Carvalho, T.P.; Reis, R.E. & Friel, J.P. 2017. A new

species of Hoplomyzon (Siluriformes:

Aspredinidae) from Maracaibo Basin,

Venezuela: osteological description using

h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n c o m p u t e d

microtomography of a miniature species.

Neotropical Ichthyology, 15: e160143.

Calegari, B.B. & Reis, R.E. 2016. New species of

the miniature genus G e l anoglanis

(Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the

Tocantins River basin (Brazil) and

o s t e o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f G .

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Cervigón, F.; Cipriani, R.; Fischer, W.; Garibaldi,

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