![](data:image/png;base64,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223
moléculas de colorante tóxicos en compuestos más
simples y menos tóxicos (Jadhav & Govindwar,
2006).
En los hongos, a pesar de su gran importancia, los
estudios sobre su biodiversidad son muy escasos
(Guzmán, 2003). El número de especies de hongos
en el mundo se ha estimado en 1 500 000 especies;
contrastando, marcadamente con las 70 000
descritas (Hawksworth, 1991), por lo que son de
los grupos de organismos más pobremente
estudiados. En el Perú, existen pocos estudios
referidos a hongos, solo se registran
investigaciones realizadas por Pavlich (1976)
sobre Ascomycetos y Basidiomycetos en la ceja de
montaña y selva tropical; Door & Abad (1990) en
hongos comestibles en bosque de Dantas-
Huánuco; Ríos & Ruiz (1993) en el cultivo del
hongo comestible Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr)
Kumm; Grazis (2004) en la micoflora en Madre de
Dios; Mori et al. (2011) en Ascomycetos y
Basidiomycetos macroscópicos en bosque de
Puerto Almendras. Los hongos en general,
mayormente responden bien al aislamiento en
medio agar papa dextrosa (Guzmán & Mata, 1993).
Los hongos causantes de pudrición blanca, es decir,
los hongos que mineralizan la lignina y sus
derivados (Eaton & Hale, 1993; Pointing et al.,
2003) en su mayoría son Basidiomycetes, que
accionan la degradación por la presencia de tres
tipos de enzimas: Lignina peroxidasa (LiPs), Mn-
Peroxidasas (Mn- Ps) las cuales dependen del
peróxido de hidrógeno, y Lacasa, la cual depende
del oxígeno molecular (Baldrían, 2002), razón por
el cual estos hongos pueden accionar en
compuestos que tienen estructuras aromáticas
similares, como muchos compuestos orgánicos
persistentes (Kuhad et al., 1997). Esos procesos
biodegradativos se llevan a cabo en presencia de
oxigeno (Albert, 1998). Los hongos de pudrición
blanca son bastante reconocidos por su capacidad
para metabolizar una amplia variedad de
compuestos orgánicos persistentes (Mileski et al.,
1988; Valentín et al., 2006; Tišma et al., 2010), y
por demostrar una elevada capacidad degradativa,
debido a que son más tolerantes a altas
concentraciones del contaminante que las bacterias
(Evans & Hedger, 2001; Ponce & Bobadilla, 2015).
Pleurotus ostreatus y Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.)
Quél. fueron estudiados en la remoción de
colorantes textiles, principalmente de colorantes
tipo azo, logrando porcentajes de degradación del
90%, incluso 100% entre 7 a 20 días (Garzón,
2009; ).Kaushik & Malik, 2009
Pleurotus ostreatus, tiene la capacidad de degradar
a los colorantes rojo erionil, azul terasil, rojo
cibacrón y turquesa erionyl, en más de un 80% en 9
días de tratamiento en efluentes líquidos simulados
(Cardona et al., 2009). Rodríguez et al. (1999) al
analizar el efecto de extractos fúngicos
enzimáticos extracelulares crudos de Trametes
trogii Berk, 1850 y P. ostreatus, en la eliminación
de 23 colorantes, demostraron una alta actividad de
la MnP y de Lacasa de P. ostreatus asociada con la
degradación de los colorantes. Con el hongo
Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burdsall logran
biodegradar los colorantes nigrosina, fucsina
básica, verde malaquita y mezcla en 90,15%,
89,8%, 83,25% y 78,4%, respectivamente (Rani et
al., 2014). Lo que demuestra el potencial de éstos
extractos fúngicos extracelulares para eliminar
colorantes en el suelo y en el agua. Últimamente, el
empleo de los hongos de la pudrición blanca, ha
demostrado gran potencial para la biodegradación
de un amplio espectro de contaminantes como los
plaguicidas químicos (Quintero, 2011), y estaría
asociada a la presencia de enzimas extracelulares,
lo que muestran evidencias del potencial de
biodegradación de diferentes especies de hongos
de la pudrición blanca (Camacho-Morales et al.,
2017).
Parámetros referidos a O , CO , pH, y temperatura
2 2
son esenciales conocer en el proceso de operación
de los biorreactores y la remoción del
contaminante, porque cualquier organismo vivo
fuera de su hábitat natural experimenta
condiciones ambientales que limitan su
crecimiento (Galindo et al., 2007). En efecto todas
estas condiciones incluyendo la inadecuada
manipulación generan cambios dentro del
biorreactor y “estresan” a los organismos que
necesitan adaptarse a dichos cambios para poder
crecer y esto está íntimamente ligado a limitación
de nutrientes y depende del tipo de sustrato con el
cual se trabaja (Chávez et al., 2003; Osorio et al.,
2011).
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo, determinar
la capacidad de degradación del colorante azul
turquesa por el hongo P. ostreatus en cultivo
sumergido en birreactores air lift.
Action of Pleurotus in the removal of blue color turkey
The Biologist (Lima). Vol. 16, Nº2, jul - dic 2018