ISSN Versión impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1043

REVIEW ARTICLE/ ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN

Departamento de ParasitologiaAnimal e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias,Universidade Federal Rural

do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Brazil

2 Laboratorio de Parasitologia. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Ricardo Palma (URP). Santiago de Surco,

Lima, Perú.

3 Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad Animal (LEBA). Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática (FCNNM).

Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (UNFV). El Agustino, Lima, Perú.

4State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Environmental and Forest Biology – SUNY-

ESF, USA.

Correspondingauthor: José Luis Luque, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de

Janeiro, CP 74.540, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: luqueufrrj@gmail.com

Neotropical Helminthology

413

ABSTRACT

A synopsis of records of the valid species of myxozoans (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) described in the

Americas is provided based on a comprehensive survey of the literature since 1893, when the first

myxozoan species was reported, until December 2016. This is a synopsis of 495 species, distributed in 36

genera, 15 families, and associated with 286 species of hosts. In terms of numbers of host-parasite

associations, fish were the most representative group (97% of the total number of host-parasite

associations), whereas records from birds represented 0.2%, crustaceans 0.2%, helminths 0.2%, reptiles

0.8% and 1.6% from amphibians. The number of descriptions of myxozoans was higher in the Nearctic

Region relative to the Neotropical Region. The synopsis includes a parasite-host list with data on host

habitat, site of infection, distribution area of parasites, size and format of the cyst, spore measurements and

specimens in collections, and a host-parasite list.

Key words: Myxozoans – Neartic Region – Neotropical Region – Taxonomy

2,3 4 1

Letícia Poblete Vidal¹; José Iannacone ; Christopher M. Whipps & José Luis Luque

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11( ), j - :2 ul dic 413-511

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF MYXOZOA GRASSÉ, 1970 (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA) IN

THE AMERICAS

SINOPSES DAS ESPÉCIES DE MYXOZOA GRASSÉ, 1970 (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA) NAS

AMÉRICAS

SINOPSIS DE LAS ESPECIES DE MYXOZOA GRASSÉ, 1970 (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA)

EN LAS AMÉRICAS

RESUMEN

Palabras clave: Mixozoários – Región Neártica – Región Neotropical – Taxonomia

Una sinopsis de los registros de las especies válidas de mixozoários (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) descritas en

las Américas se proporciona con base en un levantamiento bibliográfico desde 1893, cuando la primera

especie de mixosporídeo fue descrita, hasta diciembre de 2016. Esta es una sinopsis de 495 especies,

Distribuidas en 36 géneros, 15 familias y asociadas a 286 especies de hospedadores. En términos de

número de asociaciones hospedador-parasito, los peces fueron el grupo más representativo (97% del

número total de asociaciones hospedador-parasito, mientras que los registros en las aves representaron el

0,2%, los crustáceos 0,2%, helmintos 0,2, 0,8% reptiles y 1,6% fueron en los anfibios. El número de

descripciones de mixozoarios fue mayor en la Región Neártica en relación a la Región Neotropical. La

sinopsis incluye una lista parásito-hospedador con datos sobre el hábitat del hospedador, el sitio de

infección, la localidad, el tamaño y el formato del quiste, las medidas de las esporas y los especímenes en

las colecciones y una lista de los parásitos.

INTRODUCTION

Jurine (1825) was the first to report a myxosporean

species, but it was many years later when

myxosporean taxonomy was founded by Bütschli

(1881), who published more extensive studies to

describe plasmodial stages as multinucleated

pansporoblasts, the development of spores, the

discharge of polar filaments and the role of spores

in transmission. Based on these characteristics, the

phylum Myxosporidia was included within the

Sporozoa. This protozoan categorization remained

for many decades, but the multicellular nature of

spores led to proposals that myxozoans should be

established as Metazoa (Siddall et al., 1995). More

recently, some researchers had suggested a

cnidarian affinity of myxozoans and proposed they

be considered a subphylum within Cnidaria (Feng

et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2015; Foox & Siddall,

2015).

The subphylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970 harbors a

diverse group of metazoan parasites characterized

by multicellular spores, with distinct polar capsules

and an extrudable polar filament used in the

invasion of the host (Canning & Okamura, 2004;

Kent et al., 2001; Lom & Dyková, 2006).

Myxosporean species-level classification is based

on spore and polar capsule dimensions and other

fine details of myxospore structure (Lom & Arthur,

1989), such as the number of turns of the polar

filament, the presence of ridges, and striations on

the spore valves, presence or absence of a mucous

envelope, and the numbers of sporoplasms and

their nuclei.

414

Poblete Vidal et al.

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(2), jul-dic

RESUMO

Palavra-chave: Mixozoários - Região Neártica - Região Neotropical - Taxonomia

Uma sinopse dos registros das espécies válidas de mixozoários (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) descritas nas

Américas é fornecida com base em um levantamento bibliográfico desde 1893, quando a primeira espécie

de mixosporídeo foi descrita, até dezembro de 2016. Esta é uma sinopse de 495 espécies, distribuídas em

36 gêneros, 15 famílias e associadas a 286 espécies de hospedeiros. Em termos de número de associações

hospedeiro-parasito, os peixes foram o grupo mais representativo (97% do número total de associações

hospedeiro-parasito, enquanto os registros de anfíbios aves representaram 0,2%, crustáceos 0,2%,

helmintos 0,2% 0,8% de répteis e 1,6% foram de anfíbios. O número de descrições de mixozoários foi

maior na região Neártica em relação à Região Neotropical. A sinopse inclui uma lista parasito-hospedeiro

com dados sobre o habitat do hospedeiro, sítio de infecção, localidade, tamanho e formato do cisto,

medidas dos esporos e espécimes em coleções e uma lista de parasitos-hospedeiros.

415

develop actinospores which then infect a vertebrate

(Kent et al., 2001; Canning & Okamura, 2004;

Bartholomew et al., 2008). Parasites of this

subphylum have become increasingly important as

new species are continually emerging as significant

threats to the development of especially fish.

It was our goal to provide a synopsis of Myxozoa

species described from the Americas based on

original descriptions, and in addition to the

morphological characteristics of the species,

provide specimens in parasitological collections,

molecular data and explicit linkage of host and

geographic records to specific sources. We

acknowledge that some species that occur in the

Americas were not originally described there. Our

intention was to focus on species with descriptions

originating in the Americas, but there are a few of

these introduced or widespread species that bear

mentioning (Table 1). The hope is that this list will

provide a robust foundation for future investigation

of the systematic and evolution of Subphylum

Myxozoa in Americas.

The diversity of known myxozoans has grown

greatly since Bütschli's early work. With about

2200 species reported by Lom & Dyková (2006),

they represent around 18 % of cnidarian species

diversity (Okamura et al., 2015). These numbers

have grown since 2006, with Morris (2010)

estimating 2310 species, but only a few lists of

myxozoans is available (Eiras, 2002; Eiras et al.,

2005; Eiras 2006; Zhang et al., 2013; Eiras et al.,

2014; Whipps & Zhao, 2015). Currently

recognized are 64 genera within 17 families

(Okamura et al., 2015). It is increasingly apparent

that myxozoans are widespread, diverse and

important components of ecosystems.

Myxosporeans infect a wide range of hosts (Lom &

Dyková, 1992, Kent et al., 2001; Lom & Dyková,

2006), and where life cycles are known, they

appear to cycle between vertebrate and

invertebrate hosts. Their development occurs in

two steps to produce myxospores in the vertebrate

(fish, frog, reptile, birds, etc.) which infect

invertebrates (oligochaetes, polychaetes) and

Myxozoa in the Americas

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(2), jul-dic

Table 1. Species reported in the Americas that were originally described from other continents.

Species Type locality Notes

Enteromyxum leei

Karlsbakk

et al.,

2002

Mediterranean Was considered to pose a high risk for culture of

sharpsnout bream. Common goldsh (Carassius

auratus, (Linnaeus, 1758))

are cultured and transported

widely as an ornamental species in the U.S. A survey of

goldsh from national U.S pet store chain were infected

of Enteromyxum leei (Hallett et al.,

2006).

Kudoa thyrsites

(Gilchrist,

1924)

South Africa

Marine parasite of shes associated with post

tissue degradation. Widespread, with an antitropical and

discontinuous distribution, occurring on the west coasts

of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and

waters around Australia and Japan (Moran et al.,

-mortem

1999)

Myxidium lieberkuehni

Bütschli, 1882

Europe

Was introduced with its host Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758

from

Eurasian to the USA and Canada. Has caused

infections in the urinary bladder and kidney

(Kudo,

1919; Jayasri & Hoffman, 1982).

Myxobolus arcticus

Pugachev

& Khokhlov, 1979

Eurasian

Was introduced with its host Catostomus catostomus

(Forster, 1773) and Oncorhynchus

spp. from Siberia to

Alaska, Canada and USA. The parasite was found in the

brain and caused disturbances in the neural system.

Myxobolus cerebralis (Höfer,

1903)

Europe

The causative agent of whirling disease in salmonid

shes. The parasite is of European origin, but has been

introduced to at least 26 countries by human activities

(Hoffman,

1970; Bartholomew &

Reno,

2002). Was

introduced in U.S and rst reported in Pennsylvania in

1956 (Hedrick et al.,

1998).

Myxobolus koi Kudo, 1919

Asia

Was introduced with its host Cyprinus carpio

Linnaeus,

1758

from Asia to the UK and the USA, and has caused

mortalities of koi in ornamental ponds (Camus &

Grifn,

2010).

Sphaerospora sevastopoli

Naidenova, 1970

Eurasian

This species was rst reported in Neogobius uviatilis

(Pallas, 1814) from Azov Sea and Black Sea (Naidenova,

1970). It was introduced along with non-native gobies

from the Black Sea in North America and caused

demage in the gallbladder of sh (Whipps & Zhao, 2015)

Species Type locality Notes

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

416

Poblete Vidal et al.

417

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

Papers on descriptions of type species of Myxozoa

described from North and South America were

gathered based on extensive search of peer-

reviewed literary records published until

December 2016; abstracts of meetings and theses

were not considered. Parasites introduced to the

Americas, or later reported in the Americas, were

not accounted for here but we provide a list of the

most important of these (Table 1). The

bibliographic research of data on myxozoans was

supplemented by information from Biological

Abstracts, Fisheries Abstracts, GenBank database,

Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge

and Zoological Records. All fish host species

names have been updated to reflect current

accepted names based on Fishbase (Froese &

Pauly, 2016) and the World Register of Marine

Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2016),

amphibian host were based on Amphibian Species

of the World (Frost, 2016), bird host according

Avibase (Lepage & Warnier, 2014) and reptile host

according to The Reptile Database (Uetz & Jirí,

2016).

The synopsis largely follows the classification and

systematic arrangement proposed by Lom &

Dyková (2006), with relevant modifications as

follows. The placement of Sphaeromyxidae by

Kristmundsson & Freeman (2013). Replacement

of the preoccupied Davisia with Myxodavisia by

Zhao et al. (2008). Re-establishment of

Cystodiscus by Hartigan et al. (2012). We maintain

the genus Triangulamyxa as proposed by Azevedo

et al. (2005). Establishment of Ceratonova by

Atkinson et al. (2014). Re-establishment of

Myxobilatidae by Whipps (2011). Re-

establishment of the Coccomyxida by Heiniger et

al. (2011).

The species of Myxozoa are presented in

alphabetical order followed by their hosts (specific

name), habitat, site of the infection, locality, size

(µm or mm) and form of the plasmodia, spore

measurements and reference. It is known that

fixation can alter spore dimension (Polyanskii,

1955; Parker & Warner, 1970), but the material

used for measurements is not often explained.

Recent papers typically use fresh material, but the

reporting was so infrequent, we did not indicate

MATERIAL AND METHODS here whether fixed or fresh material was used. The

marine ecoregion of the hosts have been updated

based on Spalding et al. (2007).

The parasite species were arranged by phylum,

class, order and family, and the original

descriptions were obtained for all species.

Subsequent sources, additional hosts and localities,

and any redescriptions are mentioned in the notes

on species. In addition, for the taxa deposited in the

parasitological collections, type and voucher

material, acronym (see abbreviations below) and

accession number are provided.

ACRONYMS

Host

AMP Amphibian

B Bird

CRU Crustacea

REP Reptilia

HEL Helminth

Parasite morphological character

AL length of the caudal appendage

AW appendage width

FC form of the cyst

NC number of coils of the polar filament

PC relative size of the polar capsule (equal or

different)

PCL polar capsule length

PCW polar capsule width

R ridges

SL spore length

SV spore veil

SW spore width

TL total length of the spore

TS thickness of the spore

TW total width of the spore

Environment

BW brackish water

FW freshwater

MAR marine

Museums

BMNH British Museum of Natural History,

London, UK

CHIOC Helminthological Collection of the

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil

CMN Canadian Museum of Nature, Invertebrate

Myxozoa in the Americas

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

418

JFD Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas

M Magellanic

NBS North Brazil Shelf

TEP Tropical East Pacific

TNA Tropical Northwestern Atlantic

TSA Tropical Southwestern Atlantic

WTNA Warm Temperate Northwest Atlantic

WTNP Warm Temperate Northeast Pacific

WTSA Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic

WTSP Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific

Genes

18S—small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA

gene

28S—large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA

gene

ITS1—first nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed

spacer

The compiled database from the available

literature on myxozoans of the American continent

comprises records on 495 valid species distributed

in 15 families and 36 genera. Most of the species

infect primarily fish, both freshwater and marine

species in all continent; two species have been

reported in Agnatha, 8 species in Chondrichthyes,

and 470 in Osteichthyes. A reduced number of

species were found in amphibians, birds,

crustacean, helminth and reptiles (Table 2).

In the present study, the myxozoans have been

reported associated with 7 species of amphibians, 1

amphipod, 1 bird, 1 helminth, 274 fish, and 4

reptiles, identified to the species level. Among

host, perciform fish have the most number of valid

species described (100), even though the catfish

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) host the highest species

diversity of myxozoans, with fourteen species

registered. Most of the myxozoans taxa from fish in

American continent belong to the Family

Myxobolidae (n = 262, i.e. 52.9% of total number

of myxozoans reported), followed by Myxidiidae

(n = 9.8%) and Ceratomyxidae (n = 9.6%). The

Families Fabesporidae, Ortholineidae and

Trilosporidae represent the lowest group with just

one species (both n = 0.2%). The first with the

Zoology Collection, Ottawa, Canada

CPUNC Parasitological Collection of the National

University of Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche,

Argentina

HWML Harold W. Manter Laboratory Collection,

University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln,

Nebraska, USA

INPA National Institute for Amazon Research,

Amazonas, Brazil

IPCAS Collection of the Institute of Parasitology,

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,

České Budějovice, Czech Republic

LPURP Laboratory Collection of Parasitology of

the University Ricardo Palma, Perú

MACN Helminthological Collection of the Museo

Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino

Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina

MNHUP Museum of Natural History of the

University of Porto, Portugal

MSE Museum of Systematics and Ecology,

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine

Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara,

California, USA

MHN Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru

MTM Hungarian Natural History Museum,

Budapest, Hungary

MZUSP Zoological Museum, State University of

Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

PCMLP Parasitological Collection of the Museo

de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

PCQM Parasitology Collection at the Queensland

Museum, Brisbane, Australia

USNPC United States National Parasite

Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. The

USNPC was recently transferred to the

Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural

History (NMNH) in Washington, DC, USA.

VMTH Pathology Repository of the Veterinary

Medicine Teaching Hospital, University of

California, Davis, California, USA

ZISP Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of

Science, St. Petersburg, Russia

ZUEC Collection of the Department of Parasitoly,

State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

ZW Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa,

New Zealand

Marine Ecoregions

A Arctic

CTNA Cold Temperate Northwest Atlantic

CTNP Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific

EIP Eastern Indo-Pacific

RESULTS

Poblete Vidal et al.

419

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

Table 2. Number of myxozoan species and its distribution by host.

Amphibia Bird Crustecean Helminth Fish Reptilia

Order Bivalvulida

Suborder Variisporina

Family Alatosporidae

Genus Alataspora -

Genus Pseudalatospora - - - - 2 -

Genus Renispora

- - - 1 -

Family Ceratomyxidae

Genus Ceratomyxa

- - - 43 -

Genus Ceratonova

- - - 2 -

Genus Ellipsomyxa

- - - 3 -

Family Chloromyxidae

Genus Agarella

- - - 1 -

Genus Chloromyxum

- - - 22 -

Family Coccomyxidae

Genus Auerbachia

- - - 2 -

Family Fabesporidae

Genus Fabespora

- - 1 - -

Family Myxidiidae

Genus Cystodiscus

Genus Myxidium

Genus Zschokkella

Family Myxobilatidae

Genus Acauda

Genus Myxobilatus

Family Parvicapsulidae

Genus Parvicapsula

Family Ortholineidae

Genus Triangulamyxa

Myxozoa in the Americas

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

420

Family Sinuolineidae

Genus Bipteria - - - - 1 -

Genus Myxodavisia

- - - - 12 -

Genus Myxoproteus

Genus Neobipteria

Genus Noblea

Genus Schulmania

Genus Sinuolinea

Family Sphaeromyxidae

Genus Sphaeromyxa

Family Sphaerosporidae

Genus Palliatus

Genus Sphaerospora

Genus Wardia - - - -

Suborder Platysporina

Family Myxobolidae

Genus Dicauda - - - -

Genus Henneguya - - - -

Genus Myxobolus - - - -

166

Genus Tetrauronema - - - -

Genus Thelohanellus - - - -

Genus Unicauda

Amphibia Bird Crustecean Helminth Fish Reptilia

species Fabespora vermicola (Overstreet, 1969)

found on trematode Crassicutis archosargi

(Plagiorchiida: Apocreadiidae) from U.S.

Triangulamyxa amazonica (Azevedo, Corral &

Matos, 2005) from Brazil and the third with

Trilospora sphaerica Aseeva & Krasim, 2005 from

U.S.

Of the 480 species of myxozoan of fish, 62% (n =

298) were found in freshwater, 32.1 % (n = 160) in

Poblete Vidal et al.

Order Multivalvulida

Family Kudoidae

Genus Kudoa - - - - 22

Family Trilosporidae

Genus Trilospora - - - - 1 -

Total 8 1 1 1 480 4

421

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

Plasmodia: 28.4–38.4 length x 28.0–36.0 width

µm

Spore measurements: SL 8.0–10.5 (9.1±0.68),

SW 14.0–20.0 (15.7±1.57), TS 8.8–11.6 (9.0±1.2),

PCL 2.8–3.8, PCW 3.0–4.9

Specimens in Collection: NHMUK (No.

2012.3.19.1, 2012.3.19.2, 2012.3.19.3)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jx467675)

Reference: Kalavati et al. (2013)

Pseudalataspor a scomb ri Kovaleva &

Gayevckaya, 1983

Host: Scomber japonicus Houttuyn,1782

(Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTSA (15°00'S, 87°00'W), Peru

Spore measurements: SL 4.6–5.9, TS 6.6, PCL,

1.3–1.5 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 583–585)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gayevckaya (1983)

Genus Renispora Kalavati, Longshae &

Mackenzie, 1996

Renispora simae Kalavati, Longshae &

Mackenzie, 1996

Host: Patagonotothen sima (Richarsdosn, 1845)

(Perciformes: Nototheniidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Falkland Islands

Plasmodia: 48–68.5 µm

Spore measurements: SL 16.0–28.0 (24.4±3.1),

SW 8.0–13.0 (10.8±1.7), TW 58.0–84.5

(67.3±9.0), PCL 2.5–5.0 (4.2±0.8), PCW 2.0–5.0

(3.3±0.5), PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: NHMUK (No.

1994:11:17:1)

Reference: Kalavati et al. (1996)

Family Ceratomyxidae Doflein, 1898

Genus Ceratomyxa Thélohan, 1892

Ceratomyxa abbreviata Davis, 1917

Host: Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson,

1836) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 27 µm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 14, SW 17, PCL 4.5 in

diameter, PC =

marine and 4.8 % (n = 23) in brackish hosts. The

Neartic zoogeographical region presented the

higher percentage of Myxozoa (74.5%),

furthermore the highest diversity of described

species. However, the Neotropical region (25.5%)

presents the highest diversity of host species.

Parasite-Host list

Phylum Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888

Unranked subphylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970

Class Myxosporea Bütschli, 1882

Order Bivalvulida Schulman, 1959

Suborder Variisporina Lom & Noble, 1984

Family Alatospiridae Shulman, Kovaleva &

Dubina, 1979

Genus Alatospora Shulman, Kovaleva &

Dubina, 1979

Alatospora merluccii Kalavati, Longshae &

Mackenzie, 1995

Host: Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872)

(Gadiformes: Merluccidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Falkland Islands, Argentina and

Chile

Plasmodia: 35–42.5 length × 20–30 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 11.25–15.0

(13.51±1.28), SW 8.75–11.2 (9.89±0.81), TW

45.0–48.5 (46.61±1.80), PCL 3.5–4.5 (4.12±0.42),

PCW 2.5–4.0 (3.41±0.61), PC =, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: NHMUK (No.

1994:3:15:1)

Note: Also found in Merluccius hubbsi Marini

Reference: Kalavati et al. (1995)

Genus P s e u d a l a t o s p o r a Kovaleva &

Gayevckaya, 1983

P s eu d al a ta s po r a k ov a le v ae Kalavati,

Mackenzie, Collins, Hemmingsen & Brickle

2013

Host: Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907

(Gadiformes: Merluccidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M (55º30'S, 71º30'W), Chile

Myxozoa in the Americas

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

422

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa acadiensis Mavor, 1916

Host: Zoarces americanus (Bloch & Schneider,

1801) (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNA, Passamaquoddy Bay, New

Brunswick, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 7–8, SW 40–50, PCL

3–4 in diameter, PC =

Note: Also found in the host Urophycis chuss

Walbaum (Gadiformes: Phycidae)

Reference: Mavor (1916)

Ceratomyxa agglomerata Davis, 1917

Host: Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 38 length x 12 width µm; FC pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 5, SW 24–28, PCL 3 in

diameter, PC ≠

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa amazonensis Mathews, Naldoni,

Maia & Adriano, 2016

Host: Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840

(Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Negro River, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 7.0 ± 0.3 (6.2–7.6), TS

15.8 ± 0.4 (15.0–16.7), PCL 3.22 ± 0.34 (2.4–3.6),

PCW 2.63 ± 0.17 (2.4–2.9), PC =, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 56)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kx236169)

Reference: Mathews et al. (2016)

Ceratomyxa americana Wierzbicka, 1987

Host: Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758

(Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

Site: gallbladder

Locality: WTNA (35°54'N, 75°20'W), Cape

Hatteras, North Carolina, USA

Spore measurements: SL 4.8 (4.4–5.2), SW 9.8

(8.8–11.1), TS 5.2 (5–5.6), PCL 1.7 (1.6–1.8) in

diameter

Reference: Wierzbicka (1987)

Ceratomyxa amorpha Davis, 1917

Host: Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24430)

Reference: Moser (1976)

Ceratomyxa asymmetrica Moser & Noble, 1976

Host: Coryphaenoides cinereus (Gilbert, 1896)

(Gadiformes: Macroudae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Alaska, USA

Plasmodia: 13 length x 13 width mm; FC

spherical

Spore measurements: SL 4.0–6.0 (4.9±1.6), SW

12.5–17 (14.1 ±3.3), PCL 2–3.5 (2.9±0.6) in

diameter, PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24429)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1976)

Ceratomyxa attenuata Davis, 1917

Host: Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson,

1836) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 120 µm; FC elongate to pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 9, SW 115, PCL 4.5 in

diameter, PC ≠

Note: 60 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa california Jameson, 1929

Host: Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878)

(Myxiniformes: Myxinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, Clifornia, USA

Plasmodia: 65–130 µm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–9, SW 48–59, PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa choleospora Landsberg, 1993

Host: Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792)

(Perciformes: Centropomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Bishops Harbor (27°38'N, 82°35'W),

Little Manatti River (27°43'N, 82°23'W) and

Murray Creek (29°08'N, 80°53'W), Florida, USA

Spore measurements: SL 4.5(4–5), SW

18.3(15–23), PCL 2.0, PCW 2.0, PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 82394)

Note: 35.4(18–49) µm length of polar filament

Reference: Landsberg (1993a)

Ceratomyxa coryphaenoida Moser & Noble,

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(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 16 length x 9.1 width mm; FC

elongated

Spore measurements: SL 6–11.9, TS 25.2–27,

PCL 2.8–4 in diameter, PC ≠

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1430)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Ceratomyxa galeata Jameson, 1929

Host: Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878)

(Myxiniformes: Myxinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 6.6–8.7, SW 11.6–14.7,

PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa gracilis Jameson, 1929

Host: Gibbonsia elegans (Cooper, 1864)

(Perciformes: Clinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California,

USASpore measurements: SL 4–5.6, SW 11–14,

PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa hopkinsi Jameson, 1929

Host: Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854

(Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 5.9–7.5, SW 28.7–39,

PC =

Note: Also found in Microstomus pacificus

Lockington (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae)

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa inconstans Jameson, 1929

Host: Scomber japonicus Houttuyn,1782

(Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 5.4–7.6, SW 11.2–13.3,

PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa jamesoni Kudo, 1933

1976

Host: Coryphaenoides cinereus (Gilbert, 1896)

(Gadiformes: Macroudae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: off Canada

Spore measurements: SL 10–16 (11.6±4.9), SW

20–28 (24±4.7), TS 11–13 (12.3±0.9), PCL 3.5–5

(4.0±1.1) in diameter, PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24431)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1976)

Ceratomyxa crassa Jameson, 1929

Host: Leptocottus armatus Girard, 1854

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–9.5, SW 27.5–32,

PC ≠, =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa elegans Jameson, 1929

Host: Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854

(Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 6–7.5, SW 23–29.6,

PC ≠

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa fisheri Jameson, 1929

Host: Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett, 1839)

(Chimaeriformes: Chimaeridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 5.1–7.1, SW 9.3–13.3

PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa flagellifera Davis, 1917

Host: Carcharhinus sp. – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 115–120 length x 40–45 width µm;

FC pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 12, SW 118, PCL 6 in

diameter, PC =

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa flexa Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889

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Spore measurements: SL 8.0 (7.5–8.5), SW 13.8

(13.0–15.0), PCL 3.5 (3.0–4.0) in diameter, PC =,

NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24447)

Note: The name Ceratomyxa lovei, was proposed

to replace L. sebastica by Gunter and Adlard

(2010) following the transfer of this species from

Leptotheca to Ceratomyxa. The name “C. sebasta”

(Moser, Love & Jensen, 1976) would have been a

secondary homonym if it were used.

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ceratomyxa lunata Davis, 1917

Host: Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822)

(Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: FC pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 7–9, SW 15–38, PCL

3–4 in diameter, PC =

Note: 37µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1917)

C e r a t o m y x a m e g l i t s c h i Kova leva &

Gayevckaya, 1983

Host: Trachurus murphyi Nichols, 1920

(Perciformes: Carangidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: JFD (36°23'S, 85°W), Chile

Plasmodia: 8 mm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 4.6–5.3, SW 9.3–10.6,

PCL 1.5 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 575–576)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gayevckaya (1983)

Ceratomyxa mesospora Davis, 1917

Host: Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 70–85 length x 20–25 width µm; FC

pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 8, SW 50–65, PCL 4.5

in diameter

Note: Also found in Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus);

90µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa microlepis Azevedo, Rocha, Casal,

Carmona, Matos, Al-Quraishy & Matos, 2013

Host: Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858

(Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) – FW

[Syn. Ceratomyxa taenia Jameson 1931]

Host: Triakis semifasciatum Girard, 1855

(Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: 80 length x 200 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–9.5, SW 95–117,

PC ≠

Reference: Kudo (1933)

Ceratomyxa limensis Verano, Llican & Terán,

1998

Host: Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg, 1954

(Gadiformes: Merlucciidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lima, Peru

Spore measurements: SL 12.5 (8–15), SW 61

(36–86), PCL 3.2 (3–6), PCW 3.1 (3–3.3),

Specimens in Collection: MHN (N° 0001)

Reference: Verano et al. (1998)

Ceratomyxa lobata Evdokimova, 1977]

Host: Odontesthes incisa (Jenyns, 1841)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 58.8–19.6 µm; FC elongated

Spore measurements: SL 6.3–7, TS 14–14.7,

PCL 3.5 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1431)

Note: Gaevskaya et al. (1982) reassigned this

species to Parvcapsula indicating that it expressed

features of this genus. However, no further specific

details were given, and consulting Evdokimova

(1977), the parasite described is not consistent with

Parvicapsula. Most notably, the polar capsules are

not small, not pyriform, nor do they discharge to

the side. As such, we maintain the original

Ceratomyxa designation of Evdokimova (1977),

with the acknowledgement that further

investigation may place this species within

Leptotheca.

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Ceratomyxa lovei Gunter and Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca sebastica Moser, Love &

Jensen, 1976]

Host: Sebastes serranoides (Eigenmann &

Eigenmann, 1890) (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae)

– MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, California, USA

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Host: Odontesthes incisa (Jenyns, 1841)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 58–61 length x 45.4 width µm; FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 6.4–8, TS 9.6–14.4,

PCL 3.2 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1432)

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ceratomyxa ovalis Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca ovale Kovaleva & Gayevckaya,

1983]

Host: Trachurus murphyi Nichols, 1920

(Perciformes: Carangidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: JFD (36°23'S, 85°W), Chile

Spore measurements: SL 6.0–6.6 SW 9.9–10.6,

TS 6, PCL 2–2.6 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 581–582)

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ceratomyxa pacifica Kovaleva & Gayevckaya,

1983

Host: Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842)

(Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTSP (17°34'S, 80°00'W), Peru

Plasmodia: 15.5 length x 15.5 width µm; FC

round

Spore measurements: SL 6.6–7.8, SW 5.1–5.3,

TS 10.6–14.0, PCL 2.7, PCW 3.3, PC =, NC 6

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 577–578)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gayevckaya (1983)

Ceratomyxa recurvata Davis, 1917

Host: Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 130 length x 175 width µm; FC

pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 8–9, SW 16, PCL 4.5 in

diameter, PC =

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa scissura Davis (1917)

[Syn. Leptotheca scissura Davis, 1917]

Host: Dasyatis hastata (DeKay, 1842)

(Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Trombetas River (01°45'S, 55°51'W),

Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 5.2±0.4, TS 35.5±0.9,

PCL 2.2±0.3 in diameter, PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 012/12)

Note: In one shell valve, the lateral projection was

18.1±0.5 μm thick, while in the other shell valve,

the lateral projection was 17.5±0.5 μm thick

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2013)

Ceratomyxa navicularia Davis, 1917

Host: Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 17 µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 5–7.5, SW 14–22, PCL

2 in diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa noblei Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca elegans Noble, 1938]

Host: Gibbonsia elegans (Cooper, 1864)

(Perciformes: Clinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: tide pools, Santa Bárbara, USA

Plasmodia: 20–26µm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 9, SW 17, PCL 3, PCW

2.2, PC ≠

Note: The name Ceratomyxa noblei, was proposed

to replace Leptotheca elegans by Gunter & Adlard

(2010) following the transfer of this species from

Leptotheca and Ceratomyxa. The name “C.

elegans” would have been a secondary homonym

if it were used.

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ceratomyxa obesa Jameson, 1929

Host: Clinocottus analis (Girard, 1858)

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC broadly pear shape

Spore measurements: SL 4.5–5.9, SW 12.4–14.8,

PC =

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa opisthocornata Gunter & Adlard,

2010

[Syn. Leptotheca opisthocornata Evdokimova,

1977]

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Host: Ancylopsetta ommata (Jordan & Gilbert,

1883) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Corilina, USA

Plasmodia: 25 length x 12–15 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 6, SW 22– 44, PCL 3 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa urophysis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1940

Host: Urophysis tenuis (Mitchill, 1814)

(Gadiformes: Phycidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Saint Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada

Plasmodia: 75 µm; FC round to conical

Spore measurements: SL 5–7.5, SW 25–39.1, PC

Note: 38.3–45µm length of polar filament

Reference: Fantham et al. (1940)

Ceratomyxa venusa Jameson, 1931

Host: Atractoscion nobilis (Ayres, 1860)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 4–6, SW 63–78, PC =

Reference: Jameson (1931)

Ceratomyxa vermiformis Adriano & Okamura,

2016

Host: Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Tapajós River, Santarem, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 442 length x 21 width µm; FC

elongate

Spore: SL 4.5±0.2 (4.2–4.8), TS 8.4±0.4

(7.9–9.3), PCL 2.7±0.1 (2.5–2.9) in diameter, PC

=, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx

54–55)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kx278420)

Reference: Adriano & Okamura (2016)

Genus Ceratonova Atkinson, Foott &

Bartholomew, 2014

Ceratonova gasterostea Atkinson, Foott

&Bartholomew, 2014

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 125–150 length x 20–25 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 22, SW 11, PCL 4 in

diameter

Note: Also found in Gymnura micrura Bloch &

Schneider (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae)

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ceratomyxa sphairophora Davis, 1917

Host: Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson,

1836) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 100–110 length x 25 µm; FC

pyriform, elongate

Spore measurements: SL 12, SW 115–119, PCL

6 in diameter, PC =

Note: 75 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa starksi Jameson, 1929

Host: Sebastes rosaceus Girard, 1854

(Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC round oval to pear shaped

Spore measurements: SL 6.2–8, SW 20–28, PC ≠

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Ceratomyxa streptospora Davis, 1917

Host: Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)

(Perciforme: Ephippidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Corilina, USA

Plasmodia: 48–60 length x 9 width µm; FC

pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 4, SW 34–39, PCL 3 in

diameter, PC =

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa taenia Davis, 1917

Host: Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson,

1836) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Corilina, USA

Plasmodia: 80 length x 25 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 6, SW 140–150, PCL 3

in diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Ceratomyxa undulata Davis, 1917

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Matos, Oliveira, Al-Quraishy & Matos, 2013

Host: Gobioides broussonnetii Lacepède, 1800

(Perciformes: Gobioidei) – FW/BW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Amazon River (00°45'S, 48°31'W),

Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 30 µm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 6.5–7.0 (6.8±0.2), SW

6.5–7.0 (6.8±0.2), TS 12.8–13.5 (13.1±0.3), PCL

4.3–4.8 (4.6±0.3), PCW 2.1–2.7 (2.5±0.3), PC =,

NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 014/12)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2013)

Family Chloromyxidae Thélohan, 1892

Genus Agarella Dunkerly, 1915

Agarella gracillis Dunkerly, 1915

Host: Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837

(Lepidosireniformes: Lepidosirenidae) – FW

Site: Testis

Locality: swamps of the Chaco, Paraguay

Spore measurements: SL 28–35, SW 4–5.5, PCL

5–7.7

Reference: Dunkerly (1915)

Genus Chloromyxum Mingazzini, 1890

Chloromyxum auratum Hallett, Atkinson, Holt,

Banner & Bartholomew, 2006

Host: Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Fern Ridge Reservoir, Eugene, Oregon,

USA

Plasmodia: 27(25–30) µm in diameter; FC mono-

to trisporic

Spore measurements: SL 13.6 (12.5–14.0), SW

12.6 (10.8–14.1), TS 13.1 (11.4–14.0), PCL 4.4

(4.1–4.7), PCW 3.5 (3.1–4.0), PC ≠, =, NC 4, R

6–9

Specimens in Collection: PCQM (No. G464757

and G464758–60)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ay971521)

Note: Also found in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,

1758 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Reference: Hallett et al. (2006)

Chloromyxum catostomi Kudo, 1919

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Host: Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758

(Gasterosteiformes: Gasterosteidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Klamath River (41°20'34.8''N

123°51'21.6''W), California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 5.2±0.4, TS 22.4±2.6,

PCL 2.3±0.2 in diameter, PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: PCQM (No. G465690,

G465691, G465692 & G465693)

GenBank: ITS-1 (No. Kf751186)

Reference: Atkinson et al. (2014)

Ceratonova shasta Atkinson, Foott &

Bartholomew, 2014

[Syn. Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950]

Host: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salminiformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder, urinary bladder

Locality: Crystal Lake, Mount Shasta, California,

USA

Plasmodia: 12.7 length–19.0 width µm, FC round

Spore measurements: SL 6, SW 14, PCL 8 in

diameter, PC =

Reference: Atkinson et al. (2014)

Genus Ellipsomyxa Køie, 2003

Ellipsomyxa adlardi Whipps & Font 2013

Host: Gobiosoma bosc (Lacepède, 1800)

(Perciformes: Gobiidae) – FW/BW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA

Plasmodia: 1.126 length x 0.403 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 11.3–14.4 (12.4±0.18),

SW 7.1–8.8 (7.7±0.1), TS 7.1–9.0 (7.8±0.23),

PCL 3.9–4.9 (4.3±0.06), PCW 3.3–4.1 (3.6±0.03),

NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: HWML (accession

number not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jx443488)

Reference: Whipps & Font (2013)

Ellipsomyxa fusiformis Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca fusiformis Davis, 1917]

Host: Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Carcharhiniformes: Shyrnidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 50 length x 13 width µm; FC pyriform

Spore measurements: SL 16, SW 9, PCL 4.5 in

diameter

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Ellipsomyxa gobioides Azevedo, Videira, Casal,

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Locality: Urbana, Illinois, USA

Spore measurements: SL 8, SW 7, TS 5–6, PCL

2–2.5, PCW 1.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Chloromyxum externum Davis, 1947

Host: Margariscus margarita (Cope, 1867)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: USA

Plasmodia: 15–17 in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 8 in diameter, R 6

Reference: Davis (1947)

Chloromyxum gibbosum Herrick, 1941

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lake Erie, Ohio, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.6 (8.8–11.2), SW 9.0

(8.0–9.6), TS 7.5 (7.2–8.8)

Reference: Herrick (1941)

Chloromyxum granulosum Davis, 1917

Host: Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792)

(Beloniformes: Belonidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7 in diameter, PCL 2 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Chloromyxum kabatai Moser & Noble, 1977

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Oregon, off USA

Spore measurements: SL 16.9 (16.0–18.0), SW

16.0 (15.5–17.0), PCL 4.7 (4.5–5.5) diameter, NC

5–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24454)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977d)

Chloromyxum kurisi Sanders, Jaramillo,

Ashford, Feist, Lafferty & Kent, 2015

Host: Atherinops affinis (Ayres, 1860)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinidae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: CTNP, Santa Monica Creeck (34.40°N,

119.53°W), California, USA

Plasmodia: 600 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL SW8.7–9.2 (9.0±0.23),

7.9–8.3 (8.1±0.17), TS 7.6–8.2 (7.9±0.19), PCL

2.1–2.5 (2.3±0.16), PCW 1.6–2.0 (1.8±0.09), NC

3–4, R 15

Specimens in Collection: PCQM (No. G465697

and G465698)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kj526212)

Reference: Sanders et al. (2015)

Chloromyxum levigatum Jameson, 1931

Host: Squatina californica Ayres, 1859

(Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, California, off USA

Spore measurements: SL 11–13, SW 8–10

Reference: Jameson (1931)

Chloromyxum liae Kuznestsova, 1977

Host: Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonia, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 4.4–5.2, SW 3.7, PCL

1.8, R 4

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1437)

Reference: Kuznestsova (1977)

Chloromyxum majori Yasutake & Wood, 1957

Host: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Kidney glomerulus

Locality: Major Creek, Klickitat County,

Washington, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7, SW 8, PCL 3.5,

PCW 4, PC ≠

Note: Numerous striations ran obliquely to the

straight sutural line.

Reference: Yasutake & Wood (1957)

Chloromyxum menticirrhi Casal, Garcia, Matos,

Monteiro, Matos, Azevedo, 2009

Host: Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Percformes: Scianidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTSA, Florianópolis (27°34'S,

48°25'W), Santa Catarina, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 10.5±0.4, SW 9.8±0.6,

TS 10.1±0.6, PCL 3.2±0.4, PCW 2.0±0.3, PC =,

NC 3–4, R 41 (37–45)

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 100738)

Reference: Casal et al. (2009)

Chloromyxum multicostatum Kuznestsova, 1977

Host: Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Poblete Vidal et al.

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(Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonia, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 5.9–7.4, SW 4.4–5.2,

PCL 2.2

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1435)

Note: With large number of thin ridges

Reference: Kuznestsova (1977)

Chloromyxum opladeli Meglitsch, 1942

Host: Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Ohio River,Shawneetown, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 18–30 µm

Spore measurements: SL 6.5–8, SW 6–7.5,TS

5.5–7, PCL 2.5–3, PCW 1.5–2.3, PC =, R 11

Reference: Meglitsch (1942)

Chloromyxum ovatum Jameson, 1929

Host: Sq ualus suckleyi (Girard, 1855)

(Squaliformes: Squalidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Moterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC large and irregular

Spore measurements: SL 10.3–13.6, SW

7.7–10.9, NC, R 3–4

Note: Also found in Tetronarce californica (Ayres)

and Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus)

Reference: Jameson (1929)

Chloromyxum parvicostatum Kuznestsova, 1977

Host: Bathyraja brachyurops (Fowler, 1910)

(Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonia, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 5.2–5.9, SW 4.4–4.6,

PCL 2.2, R 6

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1434)

Reference: Kuznestsova (1977)

Chloromyxum renalis Meglitsch, 1947

Host: Fundulus majalis (Walbaum, 1792)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: FC elongated, clavate, or pearshaped

Spore measurements: SL 6.5 (6–7), SW 6.1

(5.5–7.7), TS 5.7 (5.1–6.0), PCL 2.7, PCW 1.7,

PC ≠, NC 3–5

Reference: Meglitsch (1947a)

Chloromyxum riorajum Azevedo, Casal, Garcia,

Matos, Teles-Grilo & Matos, 2009

Host: Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841)

(Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TSA, Joaquina beach (27°37'S,

48°26'W), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Plasmodia: 15 µm

Spore measurements: SL 11.4±0.3, SW 8.4±0.4,

TS 5.9±0.5, PCL 3.2±0.4, PCW 2.0±0.3, PC =,

NC 6, R 3–4

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1122327)

GenBank: 18S (No. Fj624481)

Note: It has 33 to 37 caudal filamentous

projections (12.10±0.87 μm long) were attached to

the part of the last ridge and sutural ridge of the 2

valves.

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2009)

Chloromyxum salamandrae Upton, McAllister

& Trauth, 1995

Host: Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869)

(Caudata: Plethodontidae) – AMP

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Conway County and Van Buren County

(35°9'N, 92°35'W, 35°36'N, 92°35'W), Arkansas,

USA

Plasmodia: 20–40 (31.5±6.3) length x 20–30

(24.9±2.5) width µm; FC ellipsoidal or

subspherical

Spore measurements: SL 8.3 (7.8–8.8), SW 7.7

(7.0–8.2), PCL 4.0 (3.8–4.2), PCW 2.6 (2.4–2.8),

NC 4, R 10–12

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.: 84161

and 84162)

Note: Also found in Eurycea multiplicata (Cope,

1869) and Eurycea neotenes Bishop & Wright

Reference: Upton et al. (1995)

Chloromyxum sphyrnae Cunha & Fonseca, 1918

Host: Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TSA, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 15, SW 13, PCL 4 in

diameter

Reference: Cunha & Fonseca (1918)

Chloromyxum thompsoni Meglitsch, 1942

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafisque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Myxozoa in the Americas

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Auerbachia sphaerica Evdokimova, 1973

Host: Odontesthes incisa (Jenyns, 1841)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 9.8–11.2, SW

11.2–11.8, PCL 4.2–5.6, PCW 3.5–4.9

Reference: Evdokimova (1973)

Family Fabesporidae Naidenova & Zaika, 1969

Genus Fabespora Naidenova & Zaika, 1969

Fabespora vermicola Overstreet, 1976

Host: Crassicutis archosargi Sparks & Thatcher,

1960 (Plagiorchiida: Apocreadiidae) in

Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792)

(Perciformes: Sparidae) – HEL

Site: Parenchymal cells, surrounding reproductive

organs, and in integument of digenean.

Locality: Escatawpa River, Jackson County,

Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 13 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 8.4±0.1 (7.5–9.8), SW

4.7±0.0 (4.0–5.2), PCL 1.8 PCW 1.2

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.74137 and

74138)

Notes: 37.2±0.8 (32–44) µm length of polar

filament

Reference: Overstreet (1969)

Family Myxidiidae Thélohan, 1892

Genus Cystodiscus Lutz, 1889

Cystodiscus immersus Lutz, 1889

[Syn. Myxidium immersum Kudo & Sprague,

1940]

Host: Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura:

Bufonidae) – AMP

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1 length x 0.8 width mm; FC circular

to oval

Spore measurements: SL 12–14, SW 9–10, PCL

3.5–4.5 in diameter, NC 4–5, R 7–9

Reference: Lutz (1889)

Cystodiscus lyndoyense Carini, 1932

[Syn. Myxidium lyndoyense Kudo & Sprague,

1940]

Host: Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura:

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Ohio River, Shawneetown, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 15–25 µm

Spore measurements: SL 6–8, SW 6–7.5, TS

5.5–7, PCL 2–3, PCW 1.5–2, R 5

Reference: Meglitsch (1942)

Chloromyxum transversocostatum Kuznestsova,

1977

Host: Squalus acanthias (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonia, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 5.8–5.9, SW 3.7, PCL

2.9

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1436)

Reference: Kuznestsova (1977)

Chloromyxum trijugum Kudo, 1919

Host: Lepomis megalotis (Rafisque, 1820)

(Perciforme: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Stony Creek, Verona, New York,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 8–10, SW 8–10, TS

5–7, PCL 3–5, PCW 2–3, PC ≠,

Note: 32–40 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Chloromyxum wardiKudo, 1919

Host: Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Klutina Lake, Alaska, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–9 in diameter, PCL

3, PCW 2.5, PC ≠

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Family Coccomyxidae Léger & Hesse, 1907

Genus Auerbachia Meglitsch, 1968

Auerbachia pulchra Lom, Noble & Laird, 1975

Host: Macrourus berglax Lacepède, 1801

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNA, Grand Banks, Newfoundland,

Canada

Plasmodia: 200 µm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 30 (26–34), SW 11

(11–12), PCL 12 (9–14), PCW 4 (3.5–5), PC 3–5

Reference: Lom et al. (1975)

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Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Rio Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonaro,

Peru

Plasmodia: FC circular to oval

Spore measurements: SL 10.9 (9.8–12.2), SW 7.2

(5.7–8.9), PCL 3.8 (2.5–5.5), PCW 3.6 (3.3–5.2),

PC =, NC 4–5, R 9–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 81272)

Note: 8–10 transverse depression in the spore

Reference: Hartigan et al. (2012)

Genus Myxidium Bütschli, 1882

Myxidium amazonense Mathew, Silva, Maia,

Adriano, 2015

Host: Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl,

1930 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Rio Negro, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro,

Amazonas, Brazil

Plasmodia: FC elongated

Spore measurements: SL 16.1–17.9 (17.0±0.9),

SW 3.0–4.4 (3.7±0.7), TS 8.0, PCL 4.9–5.9

(5.4±0.5), PCW 2.8–4.0(3.4±0.6), NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx

48–49)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kt625442)

Reference: Mathew, Silva, Maia, Adriano (2015)

Myxidium americanum Kudo 1920

Host: Apalone spinifera (Lesueur, 1827)

(Testudines: Trionychidae) – REP

Site: Kidney

Locality: Urban County, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 12–25 µm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15–16, SW 5.5–6, PCL

4, PCW 3.5, NC 3

Note: Reptile host with 25–32 µm length of polar

filament

Reference: Kudo (1920)

Myxidium anatidum Bartholomew, Atkinson,

Hallett, Lowenstine, Garner, Gardiner,

Rideout, Keel & Brown, 2008

Host: Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758

(Anseriformes: Anatidae) – B

Site: Afferent bile ducts in liver

Locality: Swan Lake, (33.583954°N,

84.210316°W), Stockbridge, Georgia, USA

Spore measurements: SL 23.1±0.8 (21.3–24.3)

S W 1 0 . 8 ± 0 . 3 ( 1 0 . 3 – 1 1 . 5 ) , T S

11.2±0.5(10.2–12.1), PCL 6.6±0.4 (5.4–7.4),

Bufonidae) – AMP

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lindóia, São Paulo, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 11–12, SW 7.5–8, PCL

4 in diameter

Note: Many authors suggested that this species is a

synonym of C. immersus Lutz, 1889. However,

Hartigan (2012) considers this name cautiously as

nomen dubium until further data on the diversity of

Cystodiscus spp. in South American frogs is

available.

Reference: Hartigan et al. (2012)

Cystodiscus melleni Hartigan, Fiala, Dyková,

Rose, Phalen, & Šlapeta, 2012

[Syn. Myxidium melleni Jirku, Bolek, Whipps,

Janovy, Kent & Modry, 2006]

Host: Pseudacris triseriata Wied-Nuweid, 1838

(Anura: Hylidae) – AMP

Site: Gallbladder

Lo ca li ty: Pawnee Lake (40°51.18'N,

96°53.11'W), Lancaster County, Nebraska, USA

Plasmodia: 400–1,375 length x 230–1,200 width

µm; FC elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 12.3 (12.0–13.5), SW

7.6 (7.0–9.0), TS 6.6 (6.8–8.0), PCL 5.2 (4.8–55),

PCW 4.2 (3.8–4.5), PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: HWML (No. HWML

48167–48172)

GenBank: 18S (No. DQ003031.1)

Note: Also found in Acris crepitans blanchardi

Harper

Reference: Hartigan et al. (2012)

Cystodiscus serotinus Hartigan, Fiala, Dyková,

Rose, Phalen, & Šlapeta, 2012

[Syn. Myxidium serotinum Kudo & Sprague,

1940]

Host: Rana pipiens (Schreber, 1782) (Anura:

Ranidae) – AMP

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Illinois, USA

Spore measurements: SL 16–18, SW 9, PCL

5–5.5 in diameter, NC 3–5, R 10–13

Note: 9–14 transverse depression in the spore

Reference: Hartigan et al. (2012)

Cystodiscus typhonius Hartigan, Fiala, Dyková,

Rose, Phalen, & Šlapeta, 2012

[Syn. Myxidium typhonius Gray, 1993]

Host: Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) (Anura:

Bufonidae) – AMP

Myxozoa in the Americas

PCW 5.4±0.3 (4.7–6.0), NC 5–6, R 14–16

Specimens in Collection: PCQM (No. G464979,

G464980, G464981, G464982, G464983)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ef602629)

Reference: Bartholomew et al. (2008)

Myxidium aplodinoti Kudo, 1934

Host: Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Mississippi River, Davemport, Iowa,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 11 – 12, SW 5–6, PCL

4–5, PCW 3–3.5, R 7–9

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxi dium asy mmetricum Kovaleva &

Gaevskaya, 1982

Host: Salilota australis (Günther, 1878)

(Gadiformes: Moridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Southwest Atlantic

Plasmodia: 13.3 length x 13.3 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 18.6–19.9, SW 6.6–9.3,

PCL 6.6–7.9, PCW 2.6, PC =, NC 12

Reference: Kovaleva & Gaevskaya (1982)

Myxidium bajacalifornium Noble, 1966

Host: Bajacalifornia burragei Townsend &

Nichols, 1925 (Osmeriformes: Alepocephalidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Catalina basin, California, USA

Plasmodia: 1.5–5.5 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 4.0 (3.0–5.0), SW 22.1

(19.2–32.0), PCL 7.4 (6.0–8.0), NC 12–14, R 6–8

Reference: Noble (1966)

Myxidium baueri Kovaleva & Gaevskaya, 1982

Host: Macrourus holotrachys (Günther, 1878)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Southwest Atlantic

Plasmodia: 1.5–3.5 mm in diameter; FC round to

oval

Spore measurements: SL 15.9–19.2, SW 4–5.3,

PCL 2.6–4, PCW 4.6–6.6, PC =, R 6

Reference: Kovaleva & Gaevskaya (1982)

Myxidium bellum Meglintsch, 1937

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

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Locality: Ohio River, Shawneetown, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 15.5–17.5, SW 4–5,

PCL 6–7, PCW 2.5–3,

Reference: Meglintsch (1937)

Myxidium biliare Viozzi & Flores, 2003

Host: Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

(Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lake Moreno (41°04'S, 71°33'W),

Neuquén, Argentina

Plasmodia: 2,048±555 mm

Spore measurements: SL 13.7±0.9 (12–15), SW

6.9±0.6 (6–8), TS 6.9±0.6, PCL 5.7±0.5 (5–6), PC

=, NC 5–7, R 7–9

Specimens in Collection: ZW (No. 1500 and

1501), MACN (No. 408/1–3 and 408/4) CPUNC

(No. 151/1–4) and IPICAS (No. H–PM–069)

Reference: Viozzi & Flores (2003)

Myxidium ceccarellii Adriano, Silva, Atkinson,

Bartholomew & Maia 2014

Host: Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: São Francisco river (20°20'54''S,

46°04'08''W), Piumhi, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Plasmodia: 9 length x 4 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 17.1–18.1 (17.7±0.5),

SW 9.8–11.3 (10.4±0.47), TS 9.6–10.4

(10.1±0.27), PCL 5.7–7.0 (6.3±0.5), PCW 5.7–6.9

(6.4±0.44), NC 1–3, R 4–6

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 45)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kj499821)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2014)

Myxidium chelonarum Johnson, 1969

Host: Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792)

(Testudines: Emydidae) – REP

Site: Bile ducts and gallbladder

Locality: Chowan River, Edenton, North Carolina,

USA

Plasmodia: 0.01 length – 0.18 width mm; FC

spherical, larger forms round and flat

Spore measurements: SL 14.5 (12.5–16), SW 4.5

(3–5), TS 5.5 (4–7), PCL 4.5 (2.5–5), PCW 3.5

(2–3), NC 5–7, R 4–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.71268)

Reference: Johnson (1969)

Myxidium cholecysticum Cordeiro & Gioia,

Poblete Vidal et al.

1990

Host: Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842)

(Characiformes: Characidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Atibaia River, Campinas, São Paulo,

Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.37–0.92 length x 0.03–0.9 width

mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 12–15.9 (14.1±1.1),

SW 6.4–9.6 (7.8±0.9), PCL 3.4–5.2 (4.2±0.9),

PCW 3–4.1 (3.6±0.3), NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 4023)

Note: 42–60 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Cordeiro & Goia (1990)

Myxidium commersoni Cone & Grinham, 1992

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Sawler Lake (44°39'N, 64°04'W), Nova

Scotia, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.1–2.5 length x 0.1–2 width mm; FC

ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 11 (10–12), SW 6.5

(5.5–7), PCL 5.5 (5–5.5), PCW 3.5 (2–4) long, PC

=, NC 6–7, R 7–12

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 82428)

Reference: Cone & Grinham (1992)

Myxidium coryphaenoidium Noble, 1966

Host: Coryphaenoides sp. (Gadiformes) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Off coast of Mexico, Mexico

Plasmodia: 10–30 mm in diameter; FC rounted to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 5.0 (3.1–6.0), SW 23.3

(18.8–26.0), PCL 6.6 (4.2–7.5), NC 6–7, R 10–11

Reference: Noble (1966)

Myxidium cruzi Penido, 1927

Host: Triportheus nematurus (Kener, 1858)

(Characiformes: Triportheidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Paraguay River, Porto Esperança, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 150–180 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 17, SW 18, PCL 5–6,

PCW 3

Reference: Penido (1927)

Myxidium folium Bond, 1938

Host: Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

433

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Chesapeake Bay, Baltimore,

Maryland, USA

Plasmodia: 75–100 µm

Spore measurements: SL 11–12, SW 5–6, PCL

3.5, PCW 3, NC 5

Note: 34–42 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Bond (1938)

Myxidium fonsecai Penido, 1927

Host: Erichthonius fasciatus (Stimpson, 1853)

(Amphipoda: Ischyroceridae) – CRU

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Paraguay River, Porto Esperança, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 7–9, SW 2.5–3, PCL

2–3,

Reference: Penido (1927)

Myxidium gasterostei Noble, 1943

Host: Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758

(Gasteroteiformes: Gasterosteidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbára County,

California, USA

Plasmodia: 2.5 length x 4.5 width mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 7.5, SW 14, PCL 4,

PCW 5

Note: 65µm length of polar filament

Reference: Jayasri & Hoffman (1982)

Myxidium glutinosum Davis, 1917

Host: Cynoscion regalis (Bloch & Schneider,

1801) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 20 µm; FC elongated to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 10–11, SW 6, PCL 3 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Myxidium gurgeli Pinto, 1928

Host: Acestrorhamphus sp (Characiformes:

Characidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 7 length x 5 width mm; FC elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 14.6, SW 8.5, PCL 3.4,

PCW 3

Reference: Pinto (1928)

Myxozoa in the Americas

Myxidium hardella Garner, Bartholomew,

Whipps, Nordhausen & Raiti, 2005

Host: Hardella thurjii (Gray, 1831) (Testudines:

Geoemydidae) – REP

Site: Kidney tubules, bile duct, and gall bladder

Locality: USA

Spore measurements: SL 17.7 (14.9–20.0), SW

4.9 (4.5–5.7), PCL 6.2 (4.9–7.1), PCW 2.9

(2.7–3.3), PC =, NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (accession

number not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ay688957)

Note: This animal was part of turtles imported

from Pakistan for the pet trade.

Reference: Garner et al. (2005)

Myxidium illinoisense Meglintsch, 1937

Host: Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817)

(Anguilliformes: Anguillidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Ohio River, Shawneetown, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 100–27 µm; FC oval to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12.7–15.3, SW 7.6–9.3,

PCL 3.4, PCW 6.1, R 7–8

Reference: Meglintsch (1937)

Myxidium iwamotoi Moser, Noble & Lee, 1976

Host: Coryphaenoides carapinus Goode & Bean,

1883 (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, off Delaware, USA

Spore measurements: SL 28.8 (26.0–31.0), SW

6.3 (5.0–7.0), PCL 6.4 (5.0–8.0), PCW 2.5

(1.5–4.0), NC 8–9, R 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24434)

Reference: Moser et al. (1976)

Myxidium kudoi Meglitsch, 1937

Host: Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes, 1840)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Ohio River, Shawneetown, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1mm; FC ovoid to elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 10.2–11.9, SW 4.2–6.0,

PCL 2.5, PCW 3.5, R 7

Reference: Meglitsch (1937)

Myxidium macrocheili Mitchell, 1967

Host: Catostomus macrocheilus Girard, 1856

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Bitterroot River, Elbow Lake & Placid

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

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Lake, Missoula, Montana, USA

Plasmodia: 1.5–2.5 mm; FC spheroid to ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 11.7 (10.0–14.4), SW

6.6 (5.5–8.0), TS 6.3 (5.5–8.0), PCL 4.0 (3.0–5.5),

PCW 3.5 (2.0–4.5), NC 4–5, R 9–10

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (accession

number not provided)

Reference: Mitchell (1967)

Myxidium macrourium Moser, Noble & Lee,

1976

Host: Bathygadus melanobranchus Vaillant, 1888

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Off French Guiana, French Guiana

Spore measurements: SL 29.4 (27.0–34.0), SW

3.8 (3.5–4.5), PCL 8.8 (7.5–11.0), PCW 3.7

(3.0–4.5), NC 11–13, R 6–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24433)

Reference: Moser et al. (1976)

Myxidium mavori Mavor, 1915

Host: Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum,

1792) (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, New Brunswick, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 14–15, SW 6–7.5, PCL

4, PCW 2.5

Note: 90–95 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Jayasri & Hoffman (1982)

Myxidium melanostigmum Noble, 1966

Host: Melanostigma pammelas Gilbert, 1896

(Perciformes: Zoarcidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Coast of southern California,

California, USA

Plasmodia: 2 mm in diameter; FC rounted to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 4.3 (3.0–6.5), SW 23.7

(20.0–26.0), PCL 6.5 (5.0–8.0), NC 8–10, R 5–7

Reference: Noble (1966)

Myxidium melum Otto & John, 1943

Host: Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Little Miller's Bay, West Okoboji Lake,

Lakeville, Iowa, USA

Plasmodiota: 550 length x 1070 width µm; FC

Poblete Vidal et al.

spherical to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 11–12, SW 5–6, PCL 3

in diameter, NC 8–10, R 9–11

Reference: Otto & John (1943)

Myxidium minteri Yasutake & Wood, 1957

Host: Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Renal tubules

Locality: Minter Creek, Olympic Peninsula,

Washington, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.3–12.6, SW 6–7,

PCL 2.3, PCW 3.8

Reference: Yasutake & Wood (1957)

Myxidium moxostomatis Kudo 1921

Host: Moxostoma sp. (Cypriniformes:

Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: New York, New York, USA

Plasmodia: 2 length x 1.5 width mm; FC rounded

Spore measurements: SL 8.5–10.5, SW 5–6, TS

5–6, PCL 3 in diameter, R 10

Reference: Kudo (1921)

Myxidium myxocephali Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1940

Host: Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus

(Mitchill, 1814) (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) –

MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNA, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Plasmodia: 75 µm

Spore measurements: SL 13.3–17.5, SW 6.6–8.0,

PCL 4–5, PCW 2.2–3.3

Reference: Fantham et al. (1940)

Myxidium percae Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Ouareaus Lake, Rawdon, Quebec,

Canada

Plasmodia: 1–1.5 mm,

Spore measurements: SL 14.5–20.9, SW 2.3–6,

PCL 5–7, PCW 1.8–3.2, PC ≠

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxidium phyllium Davis, 1917

Host: Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – MAR

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

435

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 1.35 mm; FC large

Spore measurements: SL 11, SW 8, PCL 3 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

M y x i d i u m s c i p t a Robe r t s , Whipps,

Bartholomew, Schneider & Jacobson, 2008

Host: Trachemys scripta (Schoepff, 1792)

(Testudines: Emydidae) – REP

Site: Gallbladder, renal tubules

Locality: Turtle Farm, Assumption Parish,

Louisiana, USA

Spore measurements: SL 18.8 (16.6–20.4), SW

5.1 (4.6–5.9), PCL 6.6 (5.1–7.8), PCW 3.5

(2.6–4.1), PC =, NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: HWML (No. 48411,

48412l and 48414)

GenBank: 18S (No. DQ851568.1)

Reference: Roberts et al. (2008)

Myxidium streisingeri Whipps, Murray & Kent,

2015

Host: Danio rer io (H amilton, 1822)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Ducts of kidney and mesonephric ducts

Locality: CTNA, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Plasmodia: 13.6 (5.3–15.4) µm

Spore measurements: SL 7.4–9.3 (8.3±0.12), SW

4.5–5.6 (5.2±0.08), TS 3.6–4.9 (4.2±0.4), PCL

2.5–3.5 (3.0±0.05) in diameter, NC 4–5, R 3

Specimens in Collection: HWML (No.

75040–75041)

GenBank: 18S (No. KM001684–KM001688)

Reference: Whipps et al. (2015)

Myxidium striatum Cunha & Fonseca, 1917

Host: Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TSA, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10–14, SW 6–8, PCL 4

Note: 30µm length of polar filament

Reference: Cunha & Fonseca (1917)

Myxidium umbri Guilford, 1965

Host: Umbra limi (Kirtland, 1840) (Esociformes:

Umbridae) – FW

Site: Renal tubules

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Wisconsin,

Myxozoa in the Americas

USA

Plasmodia: 22 µm in diameter; FC spherical to

ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 12–14.4, SW 2.4–4.8,

PCL 3–4.8, PCW 2.4, PC =

Reference: Guilford (1965a)

Myxidium volitans Azevedo, Casal, São

Clemente, Carmona, Lopes, Matos, Abdel-

Baki, Oliveira & Matos, 2011

Host: Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Scorpaeniformes: Dactylopteridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TSA (22°58'S, 43°00'W), Niterói, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 21.3–22.0 (21.7±0.3),

SW 5.2–5.9 (5.6±0.4), PCL 4.6–5.5 (5.0±0.4),

PCW 2.0–2.5 (2.3±0.3), PC =, NC 2–3 (rarely 4)

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 004/11)

Note: The PC wall measured 0.20–0.29 μm (n =

30) thick

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2011)

Genus Zschokkella Auerbach, 1910

Zschokkella embiotociddis Moser & Haldorson,

1976

Host: Rhacochilus vacca (Girard, 1855)

(Perciformes: Embiotocidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Diablo Cove, California, USA

Plasmodia: 20 – 26µm; FC spherical to elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 15 (13–17), SW 10.7

(9.5–13), TS 9.9 (9–11), PCL 4.3 (3.5–5), PCW

3.5 (3–4), NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24445)

Reference: Moser & Haldorson (1976)

Zschokkella flexosasuturalis Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthydae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 27–32 µm; FC elongated

Spore measurements: SL 12–15, SW 6.4–8, TS

7.7–9.8, PCL 3.2–4 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (accession

number not provided)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Zschokkella globulosa Davis, 1917

Host: Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider,

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

436

1801) (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) –

MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, USA

Plasmodia: 15–16 in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11, SW 17, PCL 3 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Zschokkella kudoi Moser & Noble, 1977

Host: Macrourus berglax Lacepède, 1801

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: WTNA, Newfoundland, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 7–11 (9.1±1.3), SW

12–17 (15±2.4), PCL 3–5.5 (4.1±0.3) in diameter

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24443)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977b)

Zschokkella meglitschi Moser & Noble, 1977

Host: Coelorinchus chilensis Gilbert &

Thompson, 1916 (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) –

MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Atlantic South, Chile

Plasmodia: 16.5–65 length x 7–25 width µm; FC

spherical

Spore measurements: SL 7–13.5 (9.4±2.8), SW

14–20 (16.3±3.2), TS 9.8–11 (10.1±1.4), NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24442)

Note: Also found in Coelorinchus gladius Gilbert

& Cramer, urinary blader, MAR, Hawaii, USA;

Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector), urinary bladder

and kidney, MAR, Oregon, USA; C. filifer

(Gilbert), urinary bladder, MAR,Oregon, USA; C.

longifilis Günther, urinary bladder, MAR, Behring

Sea; Albatrossia pectoralis (Gilbert), urinary

bladder, MAR, California, USA; Nezumia

propinquus (Gilbert & Cramer), gallbladder,

MAR, Hawaii, USA; Nezumia stelgidolepis

(Gilbert), urinary bladder, MAR, California, USA

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977b)

Family Myxobilatidae Shulman, 1953

Genus Acauda Whipps, 2011

Acauda elongata Whipps, 2011

[Syns. Mitraspora elongata Kudo 1919,

Hoferellus elongata Lom 1986]

Host: Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Poblete Vidal et al.

Site: Kidney

Locality: Crystal Lake, Urbana County, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 2 µm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 15–17, SW 5–6, TS

4.5–5.5, PCL 7.5, PCW 2, PC =, NC 7–8

Reference: Whipps (2011)

Acauda hoffmani Whipps, 2011

Host: Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Cazenovia Lake (42°55.49'N,

75°52.17'W), Madison County, New York, USA

Plasmodia: 250 length–500 width µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 17.9–21.8 (19.7±0.12),

SW 6.9–11.0 (8.5±0.13), PCL 9.4–12.5

(11.1±0.08), PCW 2.9–4.0 (3.4±0.04), PC =, NC

10–15, R 11–12

Specimens in Collection: HWML (No. 49552 &

66691)

GenBank: 18S (No. Hq913566)

Reference: Whipps (2011)

Genus Myxobilatus Parisi, 1912

Myxobilatus asymmetricusDavis 1944

Host: Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Mississipi River, Fairport, Iowa, USA

Spore measurements: SW 10, AL 22, TL 67,

PCL 4 in diameter, PC ≠

Note: The shorter polar capsule had 7.51 µm length

and the longest 10.51 µm length

Reference: Davis (1944)

Myxobilatus caudalis Davis 1944

Host: Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Mississipi River, Fairport, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 130 length x 21 width µm; FC

elongated

Spore measurements: SW 7, TS 6, AL 15, TL

85–90, PCL 3, PCW 4.5

Reference: Davis (1944)

Myxobilatus cotti, Guilford, 1965

Host: Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

437

Locality: Plover River, Green Bay, Wisconsin,

USA

Plasmodia: FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12.9 (9.8–14.4), SW

6.21 (4.8–7.2), TS 6.1 (6.0–7.2), AL 46.0

(10.8–84.0), TL 58.9 (30.0–98.4), PCL 5.6

(4.8–6.0), PCW 2.5, PC =, NC 3–4, R 6–8

Reference: Guilford (1965a)

Myxobilatus mictosporus Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya mictosporus, Kudo, 1920]

Host: Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Mississipi River, Fairport,I o w a ,

USA

Plasmodia: FC round to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 7–8, TS 6–7, AL 15, TL

55–60, PCL 3, PCW 5, R 8

Reference: Davis (1944)

Myxobilatus minutus Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 24–29 length x 4–7.2 width µm; FC

elongated

Spore measurements: SL 7–8, TS 3.8–4.8, AL

11.8–12.8, PCL 3–3.2, PCW 1.6

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1433)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Myxobilatus noturi Guilford, 1965

Host: Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Wisconsin,

USA

Plasmodia: FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 8.9 (7.2–10.8), SW 6.6

(6–7.2), TS 6.3 (6–7.2), AL 10.3 (7.2–13.2), TL

19.2 (18.6–28.0), PCL 4.8 (4.2–5.4), PCW 2.5,

PC =, NC 4–6, R 8

Reference: Guilford (1965a)

Myxobilatus ohioensis Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya ohioensis Herrick, 1941]

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Lake Erie, Put-in-Bay, Ohio, USA

Myxozoa in the Americas

Spore measurements: SL 11.2–13.6, SW 4.8–6.4,

TS 4.8–6.4, AL 23.2–46.4, TL 35.2–59.2, PCL

4.8, PC =

Note: 20–27 µm length of the polar filament

Reference: Davis (1944)

Myxobilatus rupestris Davis 1944

[Syn. Henneguya rupestris Herrick, 1941]

Host: Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818

(Perciformes; Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Mississipi River, Fairport,I o w a ,

USA

Plasmodia: FC elongated

Spore measurements: SL 11, SW 8, TS 6, TL

65–70, PCL 3, PCW 5, R 6 – 8

Note: Also found in P. annularis from Erwin,

Tennessee and Coolidge Lake, Arizona; P.

annularis and P. sparoides (Lesueur) in hatchery

ponds at Kearneysville, West Virginia. Reference:

Davis (1944)

Myxobilatus semotilii Li & Desser, 1985

Host: Semotilus atromaculatus Mitchill, 1818

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake Opeongo, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 9.0 (7.5–10), SW 5.0

(4.5–6.0), TS 6.0–6.5, TL 16.5 (12.5–19.0), PCL

2.5 (2–3), PCW 1.5 (1–2), PC =, NC 4–5, R 6

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0366)

Reference: Li & Desser (1985)

Myxobilatus yukonensis Arthur & Margolis,

1975

Host: Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Aishihik Lake, Yukon Territory, Canada

Plasmodia: 50–70 length x 36–54 width µm; FC

round to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 16.7–36.2 (26.2±4.5),

SW 9.5–14.3 (12.3±1.4), TS 5.3–6.9 (5.9±0.6), AL

5.6–22.9 (14.3±3.9), PCL 5.6–7.2 (6.5±0.5), PCW

4.9–7 (5.9±0.6), PC =, NC 4–5, R 5–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1975 –

193/39 – 40)

Reference: Arthur & Margolis (1975)

Family Parvicapsulidae Shulman, 1953

Genus Parvicapsula Shulman, 1953

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

438

Parvicapsula kabatai Jones, Prosperi-Porta &

Dawe, 2006

Host: Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Quinsam River (50°01′N, 125°18′W),

British Columbia, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 8.7±1.2 (6.8–11.1), TS

6.0±0.7 (4.9–8.0), TL 12.3±0.9 (10.7–14.0) PCL

1.8±0.2 (1.2–2.2)

Specimens in Collection: CMNPA (No. 2006-

0004/0005)

GenBank: 18S (No. Dq515821)

Reference: Jones et al. (2006)

Parvicapsula minibicornis Kent, Whitaker &

Dawe, 1997

Host: Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Weaver Creek, British Columbia,

Canada

Spore measurements: SL 11.0 (9.7–12.6), SW 7.5

(5.5–8), TS 6.8 (6.5–7), PCL 2.5, PCW 1.3, PC =

NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: CMNPA (No.

1997–0063)

Reference: Kent et al. (1997)

Parvicapsula renalis Landsberg, 1993

Host: Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: WTNA, Murray Creek (29°08'N,

80°53'W), Volusia County, Florida, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.5, SW 4.0–5.0, PCL

3.0, PCW 2.0, NC 5–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 82820)

Reference: Landsberg (1993b)

Pa r vi c aps u la s chu l man i Kovaleca &

Gaevskaya, 1981

Host: Beryx splendens Lowe, 1834 (Beryciformes:

Berycidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Mid-Atlantic Ridge (35°02'N, 49°00'W)

Plasmodia: FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 10.6–14.9, SW

4.2–5.3,PCL 1.3–1.5 in diameter PC NC

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 393–397)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gaevskaya (1981)

Poblete Vidal et al.

Family Ortholineidae Lom & Noble, 1984

Genus Triangulamyxa Azevedo, Corral &

Matos, 2005.

Triangulamyxa amazonica Azevedo, Corral &

Matos, 2005

Host: Sphaeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Amozon River (00°35'38''S,

47°35'00''W), Algodoal, Pará, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 8.5, SW 7.6, TS 3.8,

PCL 2.5–2.8 in diameter, PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1027394)

Reference: Lom & Dyková (2006)

Family Sinuolineidae Shulman, 1959

Genus Bipteria Kovaleva, Zubchenko & Krasin,

1983

Bipteria nototheniae Kovaleva & Rodjuk, 1991

Host: Patagonotothen ramsayi (Regan, 1913)

(Perciformes: Nototheniidae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: M, Falkland-Patagonia region, Falkland

Island

Spore measurements: SL 10.7–12, SW

10.7–14.7, PCL 4.2–4.6 in diameter, NC 8

Reference: Kovaleva & Rodjuk (1991)

Genus Myxodavisia Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

Myxodavisia anoplopoma Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Davisia anoplopoma, Moser & Noble,

1975]

Host: Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1814)

(Scorpaeniformes: Anoplopomatidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder, kidney tubules

Locality: CTNP, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 12.75 (12–14), SW 15.2

(13–17), PCL 4.95 (4–6) in diameter, CAL 34.7

(30–38), AW 4.38 (3–5.5), NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24408)

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia bidens Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Sinuolinea bidens Jameson, 1931]

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

439

Host: Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854

(Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC irregular to oval

Spore measurements: SL 6.5–9, TS 8–11.5, CAL

6–10

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia brachiophora Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syns. Sinuolinea brachiophora Davis, 1917,

Davisia brachiophora Laird, 1953]

Host: Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert,

1882 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNP, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: FC round to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 9–11, SW 9, PCL 3.5 in

diameter

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia cella Zhao, Zhou, Kent & Whipps,

2008

[Syn.: Sinuolinea cella Jameson, 1931]

Host: Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854

(Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, Monterey Bay, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 8–10, TS 9–13, CAL

25–35

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia coryphaenoidia Zhao, Zhou, Kent

& Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Davisia coryphaenoidia Yoshino & Noble,

1973a]

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, San Diego, California USA

Spore measurements: SL 18.5 (17–23), SW 11.3

(9–14), PCL 3.7 (3–5) in diameter, CAL 4.8 (3–6)

PC =, NC 7–8

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia galeiforme Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

W h i p p s , 2 0 0 8

[Syn. Davisia galeiforme Kovaleva & Rodjuk,

1991]

Host: Lycodapus australis Norman, 1937

(Perciformes: Zoarcidae) – MAR

Myxozoa in the Americas

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

440

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: M, Falkland Island

Spore measurements: SL 12–17.3, SW 5.3–8,

PCL 5.3–6 in diameter, NC 7

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia newfoundlandia Zhao, Zhou, Kent

& Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Davisia newfoundlandia Yoshino & Noble,

1973b]

Host: Macrourus berglax Lacepède, 1801

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: CTNP, eastern Newfoundland, Quebec,

Canada

Plasmodia: 12.71 (10–15) length x 19 (15–26)

width µm; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 11.63 (10.0–14.0), SW

9.65 (7.5–11.0), PCL 3.06 (2.0–4.0) in diameter,

CAL 6.58 (4.5–9.0), PC =, NC 8

Note: Yoshino & Noble (1973b) described the

species M. newfoundlandia from Newfoundland,

Canada and seven years later Gayevskaya et al.

(1980) described the same species in Macrourus

holotrachys Günther from Falkland Islands. Both

parasites found in fish hosts of same genus.

However, given the morphological differences and

potential for geographic isolation, these are likely

different species (Zhao et al., 2008)

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia opacita Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syns. Sinuolinea opacita Davis 1917, Davisia

opacita Laird, 1953]

Host: Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert,

1882 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNP, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 22 µm in diameter; FC round to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12–13 in diameter, SW

4 in diameter

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia pectoralis Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Davisia pectoralis Moser & Noble, 1975]

Host: Albatrossia pectoralis (Gilbert, 1892)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder, kidney tubules

Locality: CTNP, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 13 (10–17), SW 13.05

(11–17), TS 9.5 (9–10), PCL 5.0 (3.5–7) in

diameter, CAL 12.2 (9–17), AW 5.5 (3–7), NC

8–14

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24407)

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia reginae Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syn. Davisia reginae Love & Moser, 1976]

Host: Sebastes serranoides (Eigenmann &

Eigenmann, 1890) (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae)

– MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 12.8 (11–15) SW 14.8

(12–20), TS 11.5, PCL 3.5 (2.5–4.5) in diameter,

CAL 40.5 (28–85), AW 4.4 (3–6), NC 6–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24444)

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Myxodavisia spinosa Zhao, Zhou, Kent &

Whipps, 2008

[Syns. Ceratomyxa spinosa Davis, 1917,

Sinuolinea spinosa Jameson, 1931]

Host: Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert,

1882 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNP, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: FC rounded or slightly irregular in

shape

Spore measurements: SL 7, SW 80, PCL 4 in

diameter

Reference: Zhao et al. (2008)

Genus Myxoproteus Doflein, 1898

Myxoproteus abyssus Yoshino & Moser, 1974

Host: Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector, 1875)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder and ducts

Locality: CTNP, Farallon Islands, California,

USA

Plasmodia: 20–25 µm in diameter; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 11.1 (9–12.5), SW 10.7

(9–12), PCL 3.4 (3–4) in diameter, NC 7–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.

24368–24369)

Reference: Yoshino & Moser (1974)

Myxoproteus biliaris Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889

Poblete Vidal et al.

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 35–48.7 length x 28–29 width µm; FC

round

Spore measurements: SL 9.6–10, SW 6.4, TS

7.5–8, PCL 2.5–3.2 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1427)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Myxoproteus californicus Yoshino & Moser,

1973

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder and ducts

Locality: CTNP, San Diego, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 14.6 (12–17), SW 9.6

(8–11), TS 7.7 (6–10), PCL 2.7 (1–3) in diameter,

PC =, NC 5–7

Reference: Yoshino and Moser (1973a)

Myxoproteus cordiformis Davis 1917

Host: Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)

(Perciformes: Ephippidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 18 µm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 12, SW 10–11, TS 6,

PCL 3–4 in diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Myxoproteus cornutus Davis, 1917

Host: Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacepède, 1802)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 27 µm in diameter; FC elongated or

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12, SW 9, PCL 5, PCW

Reference: Davis (1917)

Myxoproteus hubbsi Moser & Noble, 1977

Host: Coelorinchus carminatus (Risso, 1810)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TNA, Surinam

Plasmodia: 18 length x 6 width µm; FC oval to

ellipsoid

Spore measurements: SL 5.8 (5.0–7.0), SW 5.2

(4.2–7.5), TS 3.9 (3.5–4.5), PCL 1.4 (1.0–2.0) in

diameter, NC 4–5

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

441

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24438)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977c)

Myxoproteus innae Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Odontesthes incisa (Jenyns, 1841)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 77 length x 22.4 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 10.4, SW 9.6, TS

8.8–9.6, PCL 3.2 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1428)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Myxoproteus meridianalis Evdokimova, 1977

Host: Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933

(Gadiformes: Merlucciidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Plasmodia: 16.8 length x 14.7width µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11.2–12.8, TS 7.7–9.1,

PCL 2.8 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1429)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Myxoproteus moseri Kovaleva & Gaevskaya,

1982

Host: Salilota australis (Günther, 1878)

(Gadiformes: Moridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: WTSA, country not specified

Plasmodia: 26–34.6 length x 20–58 width µm; FC

round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–13.3, SW 9–11.9,

PCL 2.6–3.3, PCW 2.2–2.7

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 424 – L45/2,

431 – L13/2 and 432 – L13/2)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gaevskaya (1982)

Myxoproteus rosenblatti Moser & Noble, 1977

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNA, Oregon, USA

Plasmodia: 35 length x 15 width µm; FC elongate

to circular

Spore measurements: SL 17.0 (15.0–22.0), SW

10.5 (9.0–l 3.5), TS 9.5 (8.5–11), PCL 4.2

( 3 . 5 – 6 . 0 ) i n d i a m e t e r , NC 5–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24437)

Note: Also found in Coryphaenoides ariommus

Gilbert & Thompson (Chile), Coryphaenoides

Myxozoa in the Americas

armatus (Hector) (Costa Rica), Coryphaenoides

filifer (Gilbert) (Canada)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977c)

Genus Neobipteria Kovaleva, Zubchenko &

Krasin, 1986

Neobipteria macrouri Kovaleva, Gaevskaya &

Krasin, 1986

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: A, Bering Sea, Alaska, USA

Spore measurements: SL 13.3–14.4, SW

14.6–17.3, TS 13.3–14.4, PCL 6–6.5 in diameter,

NC 7–8

Reference: Kovaleva et al. (1986)

Genus Noblea Kovaleva, 1989

Noblea admiranda Kovaleva, 1989

Host: Urophycis chuss (Walbaum, 1792)

(Gadiformes: Phycidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNA, Sable Island (43°15'N,

61°19'W), Canada

Plasmodia: 20–35 length x 18–32 width µm; FC

round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 16–18.6, SW 12–14.6,

PCL 3.4–4.0 in diameter, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: zisp (No. 741)

Reference: Kovaleva (1989)

Genus Schulmania Kovaleva, Zubtchenko &

Krasin, 1983

S c h u l m a n i a a e n i g m a t o s a K o v aleva,

Zubtchenko & Krasin, 1983

Host: Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius,

1780) (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) –

MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNA, Labrador, Newfoundland,

Canada

Plasmodia: 31.9–55.9 length x 26.6–42.0 width

µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 19.95–23.1, SW

11.97–13.3, PCL 5.98–6.65 in diameter, AL

11.97–15.96, NC 6

Reference: Kovaleva et al. (1983)

Schulmania ovale Kovaleva, Zubtchenko &

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

442

Krasin, 1983

Host: Lycodes esmarkii Collet, 1875 (Perciformes:

Zoarcidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNA, Newfoundland, Canada

Plasmodia: 29.26–39.9 length x 6.65–13.3 width

µm; FC relatively large

Spore measurements: SL 18–19.9, SW

13.3–14.63, PCL 5.32–5.98 in diameter, NC 7–8

Reference: Kovaleva et al. (1983)

Sc h ul m a ni a qu a dri o lob a ta Kovaleva,

Zubtchenko & Krasin, 1983

Host: Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum,

1792) (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) –

MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNA, Grand Banks, Newfoundland,

Canada

Plasmodia: 13.3 length x 19.95 width µm; FC

round

Spore measurements: SL 21.28–24.42, SW

10.9–13.3, TS 5.35, PCL 4.3–5.9 in diameter, AL

5.32–6.65, NC 6

Reference: Kovaleva et al. (1983)

Genus Sinuolinea Davis, 1917

Sinuolinea arborescens Davis, 1917

Host: Syngnathus floridae (Jordan & Gilbert,

1882) (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 75 µm in diameter; FC round to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15, SW 12, PCL 5 in

diameter

Reference: Davis (1917)

Sinuolinea capsularis Davis, 1917

Host: Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert,

1882 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 40 µm in diameter; FC round to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12–14 in diameter,

P C L 4 – 5 i n d i a m e t e r

Note: Also found in the urinary bladder of

Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766) and

Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider,

1801); 50 µm length of polar filament

Poblete Vidal et al.

Reference: Davis (1917)

Sinuolinea contrariocapsularis Evdokimova,

1977

Host: Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Patagonian, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 9.6–11.2, SW 8–9.6,

TS 8–9.6, PCL 3.2 in diameter

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 1426)

Reference: Evdokimova (1977)

Sinuolinea dimorpha Davis, 1917

[Syn. Sphaerospora dimorpha Davis, 1916]

Host: Cynoscion regalis (Bloch & Schneider,

1801) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder and ureters

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 575 length x 90 width µm; FC

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15 in diameter, SW 4–5

in diameter

Note: 27–35µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1917)

Sinuolinea magna Yoshino & Noble, 1973

Host: Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean, 1884)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, San Diego, California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 21.2 (19–30) in

diameter, PCL 6.1 (5–7,5) in diameter, NC 7–8

Reference: Yoshino & Noble (1973a)

Sinuolinea niloticus Rodrigues, Francisco,

Biondi & Júnior, 2016

Host: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Intestine, heart, kiney, liver, muscles, spleen

and stomach

Loc alit y: fi sh far m (19 °55 ' 47. 52'' S,

50°08'36.56''W), Mira Estrela and Capivari River

(22°43'43''S, 48°22'29''W), Botucatu, São Paulo,

Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 12.1±1.6 (9.1–14.3) in

diameter, PCL 5.9±0.8 (4.1–8.1) in diameter

GenBank: 18S (No. Kr119066)

Reference: Rodrigues et al. (2016)

Family Sphaeromyxidae Lom & Noble, 1984

Genus Sphaeromyxa Thélohan, 1892

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443

Sphaeromyxa argentinensis Timi & Sardella

1998

Host: Engraulis anchoita Hubbs & Marini, 1935

(Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: South West Atlantic, Argentina

Plasmodia: 1.9–4.4 length x 2.0–4.7 width mm;

FC arcuate and fusiform, bluntly rounded ends

Spore measurements: SL 24.9 (23.25–27.5), SW

4.78 (4.5–5.28), ST 4.95 (4.5–5.25), PCL 7.25

(6–9), PCW 3.32 (2.55–4.5), PC =, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: LPNSM (No. 002/1;

002/2)

Reference: Timi & Sardella (1998)

Sphaeromyxa bonaerensis Timi & Sardella 1998

Host: Anchoa marinii Hildebrand, 1943

(Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M, Mar del Plata Port (38°08'S,

57°32'W), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Plasmodia: 1.1–1.5 mm in diameter; FC slightly

curved, truncate ends

Spore measurements: SL 17.33 (16.5–18.75),

SW 4.45 (3.75–4.8), ST 4.16 (3.45–4.5), PCL 4.08

(3–4.5), PCW 2.81 (1.95–3.3), PC =, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: LPNSM (No. 003/1;

003/2)

Reference: Timi & Sardella (1998)

Sphaeromyxa cannolii Sears, Anderson &

Greiner 2011

Host: Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

(Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) – MAR

Site: Ducts

Locality: WTNA, Gulf of Mexico (29°5'31'' N,

82°51'51''W; 28°6' 29''N, 82°52'51''W), Citrus

County and Pasco County, Florida, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1 mm in diameter; FC straight,

truncate ends

Spore measurements: SL 17.6 (16.6–20), SW 5.7

(5.0–7.1), PCL 4.8 (4.2–5.4), PCW 3.0 (2.4–3.3),

PC ≠

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 102986)

Reference: Sears et al. (2011)

Sphaeromyxa gibbonsia Noble 1939

Host: Gibbonsia elegans (Cooper, 1864)

(Perciformes: Clinidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Santa Barbara, California, USA

Plasmodia: 2 mm in diameter; FC arcuate,

Myxozoa in the Americas

rounded ends

Spore measurements: SL 27, SW 5.2, PCL 10,

PCW 4

Notes: 20 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Noble (1939)

Sphaeromyxa intermediata Moser & Noble 1977

Host: Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode &

Bean, 1885 (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: TNA, Caribbean Sea, Columbia, USA

Spore measurements: SL 19.8 (17.5–24.0), SW

4.8 (3.5–7.5), PCL 7.5 (5.5–9.5), PCW 4.4

(3.5–6.5), NC 5–9, R 6–10

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24440)

Reference: Moser & Noble (1977a)

Sphaeromyxa kenti Whipps & Font 2013

Host: Gobiosoma bosc (Lacepède, 1800)

(Perciformes: Gobiidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Lake Pontchartrain (30°16,083'N,

89°57.365'W), Louisiana, USA

Plasmodia: 1.4 mm in diameter; FC arcuate,

rounded ends

Spore measurements: SL 18.5 (17.5–19.8), SW

4.4 (3.8–5.2), PCL 7.9 (6.9–8.6), PCW 2.3

(2.0–2.6), PC ≠, NC 2–3

Specimens in Collection: HWML (accession

numbers not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jx443489)

Note: The smaller polar capsule was 7.0 (5.8–7.5 ±

0.06) length x 2.3 (2.0–2.6 ± 0.02) width

Reference: Whipps & Font (2013)

Sphaeromyxa lateralis Noble 1941

Host: Artedius lateralis (Girard, 1854)

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Santa Barbara, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC slightly curved, rounded ends

Spore measurements: SL 26, SW 8, PCL 8.6,

PCW 6.3

Notes: 20 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Noble (1941)

Sphaeromyxa maiyai Morrison & Pratt 1973

Host: Microgadus proximus (Girard, 1854)

(Gadiformes: Gadidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Newport, Oregon, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter; FC arcuate,

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

444

rounded to truncate ends

Spore measurements: SL 27.6 (23–30), SW 5.6

(5–7), PCL 9.3 (8–10), PCW 3.7 (3–4)

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 72553)

Notes: 150 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Morrison & Pratt (1973)

Sphaeromyxa ovula Noble 1939

Host: Gobiesox rhessodon Smith, 1881

(Gobiesociformes: Gobiesocidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: CTNP, Santa Barbara, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC oval, rounded ends

Spore measurements: SL 14, SW 4.3, PCL 5,

PCW 3,

Reference: Noble (1939)

Spha e r o m yxa schu l m a n i Kovaleva &

Gaevskaya 1982

Host: Salilota australis (Günther, 1878)

(Gadiformes: Moridae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Southwest Atlantic

Plasmodia: 24 length x 12 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 18.6–20, SW 4–5.98,

PCL 4.65–5.98, PCW 2.66–3.32, NC 3

Notes: The author not specifies the country

Reference: Kovaleva & Gaevskaya (1982)

Family Sphaerosporidae Davis, 1917

Genus Sphaerospora Thélohan, 1892

Sphaerospora armatura Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca armatura Yoshino & Moser,

1974]

Host: Albatrossia pectoralis (Gilbert, 1892)

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder and kidney tubules

Locality: CTNP, California and Washington, USA

Spore measurements: SL 12.9 (10–16), SW 20.9

(17–26), PCL 5.7 (4–7) in diameter, NC 8–9

Note: Also found in Coryphaenoides leptolepis

Günther (Gadiformes: Macrouridae)

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Sphaerospora chagasi Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca chagasi Nemeczek, 1926]

Host: Leptopelis ocellatus (Mocquard, 1902)

(Anura: Leptodactylidae) – AMP

Site: Urinary ducts

Locality: Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Poblete Vidal et al.

Plasmodia: 150 µm

Spore measurements: SL 10–11, SW 15, PCL

8–8.5, PCW 8–8.5, PC =

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Sphaerospora compressa Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca compressa Noble, 1939]

Host: Rimicola eigenmanni (Gilbert, 1890)

(Gabiesociformes: Gobiesocidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, Santa Bárbara, California, USA

Plasmodia: 17 x 22.5 µm

Spore measurements: SL 12.2, SW 10.5, PCL

3.3, PCW 4

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Sphaerospora diminuta Li & Desser, 1985

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 7.5 (5 8.5) in diameter,

PCL 2.5 (2–3) in diameter, PC =, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0369)

Reference: Li & Desser, 1985

Sphaerospora elwhaiensis Jones, Fiala,

Prosperi-Porta, House & Mumford, 2011

Host: Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Renal tubules

Locality: Lake Sutherland (48º05'N; 123º43'W),

Washington, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.3–12.0 (10.3±0.6),

SW 9.9–14.3 (11.2±0.9), PCL 2.4–4.5 (3.3±0.5) in

diameter, PC =, NC 6

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 2010-019

and 2010- 020, Hapantotype and parahapantotype

slides respectively)

GenBank: 18S (No. HQ450772.1)

Reference: Jones et al. (2011)

Sphaerospora glomerosa Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca glomerosa, Davis, 1917]

Host: Paralichthys albigutta Jordan & Gilbert,

1882 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 11µm; FC round to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 9, SW 4.5, PCL 2 in

diameter

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

445

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Sphaerospora hankai Lom, Desser & Dyková,

1989

Host: Ameiurus nebulosus (Lasueur, 1819)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 11 µm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 6.1 (5.4–6.6), SW 6.0

(5.4–6.5), PCL 2.8 (2.5–3.1), PCW 2.7 (2.3–2.9),

PC ≠, NC 4–5

Note: The smaller polar capsules had 2.4 (2.1–2.6)

length x 2.0 (1.9–2.2) width µm.

Reference: Lom et al. (1989)

Sphaerospora ictaluri Hedrick, McDowell &

Groff, 1990

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: small farm, central California, USA

Plasmodia: 20.4±0.4 µm; FC oval to pleomorphic

Spore measurements: SL 5.8±0.7, SW 5.6±0.3,

TS 6.5±0.3, PCL 1.9, PCW 1.7, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: VMTH (No. 88B-3670)

Reference: Hedrick et al. (1990)

Sphaerospora lobosa Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca lobosa Davis, 1917]

Host: Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 24 µm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 16–18, SW 9–10, PCL

3 in diameter

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Sphaerospora motemarini Holzer, Pecková,

Patra, Brennan, Yanes-Roca, Main, 2013

Host: Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Lutjanidae) – BW

Site: Capillaries of the glomerular tuft of the renal

corpuscles

Locality: WTNA (27°26'36.15''N, 82°41'36.09W/

27°19'37.59''N, 82°35'14.06''W), Florida, USA

Plasmodia: 41.12 (36.45–45.79) µm; FC

spherical to oval

Spore measurements: SL 16.31 (13.85–18.37),

SW 19.85 (18.23–21.65), TS 20.41 (18.83–22.03),

Myxozoa in the Americas

PCL 6.47 (5.76–7.41), PCW 6.43 (5.55–7.54), NC

5–6

Specimens in Collection: IPCAS (No. IP ProtColl

P2)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kc526873)

Reference: Holzer et al. (2013)

Sphaerospora ohlmacheri Desser, Lom &

Dyková, 1986

[Syns. Chloromyxum ohlmacheri Whinery,

1893, Wardia ohlmacheri Kudo, 1920]

Host: Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)

(Anura: Ranidae) – AMP

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake of Two Rivers, Algonquin Park,

Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 12.6±0.17, SW

10.9±0.19, TS 0.7, PCL 4.4±0.08 in diameter, PC

=, NC 6

Note: The spore surface was characterized by

roughly radial striations

Reference: Desser et al. (1986)

Sphaerospora olsoni Sanders, Jaramillo,

Ashford, Feist, Lafferty & Kent, 2015

Host: Atherinops affinis (Ayres, 1860)

(Atheriniformes: Atherinidae) – MAR

Site: Kidney

Locality: CTNP, Santa Monica (34.40°N,

119.53°W), California, USA

Spore measurements: SL 5.2–7.1 (6.0 ±0.5), SW

5.7–6.0 (5.8±0.1), TS 5.8–8.4 (7.3±8) PCL

1.8–2.4 (2.0±0.14) in diameter, NC 3–5

Specimensin Collection: PCQM (No.

G465699–G465700)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kj526213)

Reference: Sanders et al. (2015)

Sphaerospora oncorhynchi Kent, Whitaker &

Margolis, 1993

Host: Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Great Central Lake, Vancouver Island,

British Columbia, Canada

Plasmodia: 5–15µm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 9.1 (8.2–10.2), SW 8.6

(7.8–9.2), TS 10.4 (10.2–11.2), PCL 3.0 (2.9–3.3)

in diameter, PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1993-0035-

0037)

Reference: Kent et al. (1993)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

446

Sphaerospora ovophila Xiao & Desser, 1997

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaues, 1758)

(Perciforme: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Ovary

Locality: Sasajewun Lake (45°35'30"N,

78°31'30"W), Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: up to 0.5 mm; FC oval or irregular

Spore measurements: SL 8.2 (7.2–8.4), SW 6.2

(6.0–7.0), TS 7.9 (7.4–8.2), PCL 3.0 (2.7–3.2), PC

=, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1996–-0085

(spores), 1996–0086 (in ovary section), and

1996–0087 (ovary tissue)

Reference: Xiao & Desser (1997)

Sphaerospora paulini Lom, Desser & Dyková,

1989

Host: Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 20 µm; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 8.1 (8.0–8.5), PCL 2.8

(2.5–3.4), PCW 2.6 (2.5–3.0), PC =, NC 4–5

Reference: Lom et al. (1989)

Sphaerospora polymorpha Davis, 1917

Host: Ops anus ta u (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: WTNA, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 35 length x 50 width µm, FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 8(7–10) in diameter,

PCL 2–2.5, PCW 4–5

Reference: Davis (1917)

Sphaerospora sphaerula Gunter & Adlard, 2010

[Syn. Leptotheca sphaerula Noble, 1939]

Host: Gibbonsia metzi Hubbs, 1927 (Perciformes:

Clinidae) – MAR

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: CTNP, Santa Barbara, California, USA

Plasmodia: 20 length x 28 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 13 in diameter, PCL

4.6, PCW 5

Reference: Gunter & Adlard (2010)

Genus Palliatus Shulman, Kovaleva & Dubina,

1979

Palliatus magellanicus Kalavati, Mackenzie,

Poblete Vidal et al.

Collins, Hemmingsen & Brickle, 2013

Host: Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907

(Gadiformes: Merlucciidae) – MAR

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: M (43ºS, 73ºW), Chiloe Island, Chile

Plasmodia: 28.4–38.4 length x 28.0–36.0 width;

FC oval or irregular

Spore measurements: SL 9.6–19.2 (13.64±3.67),

SW 10.2–22.4 (19.03±3.64), TS 14.0–20.0

(16.09±1.92) PCL 6.4–8.0 (6.93±0.64), PCW

3.2–5.4 (4.0±0.80), SV 32.0–48.0 (40.43±6.47),

NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: NHMUK (No.

2012.3.19.2)

Reference: Kalavati et al. (2013)

Genus Wardia Kudo, 1920

Wardia lucci Kudo, 1921

Host: Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 (Esociformes:

Esocidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: New York, New York, USA

Plasmodia: usually rounded

Spore measurements: SL 8–9 SW 8–8.5, TS 5–6,

PCL 2.5–3.5 in diameter, PC =, NC 4–5

Note: 50–70 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Kudo (1921)

Wardia ovinocua Kudo 1920

Host: Lepomis humilis (Girard, 1858)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Ovary

Locality: Salt Fork Lake, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 30–40 µm

Spore measurements: SL 9–10, SW 10–12, TS 6,

PCL 4 in diameter, NC 5–6

Note: 35–45µm length of polar filament

Reference: Kudo (1921)

Suborder Platysporina Kudo, 1919

Family Myxobolidae Thélohan, 1892

Genus Dicauda Hoffman, 1978

Dicauda atherinoidi Hoffman, 1978

Host: Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque, 1818

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – F

Locality: Lake Erie, Sterling State Park,

Michigan; Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, New

York, USA.W

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

447

Site: Head and ventral body

Plasmodia: 0.1–1.0 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 10.3 (8.5–12.5), SW 9.3

(8.5–11), TS 7.3(7–9), AL 49(25–73), PCL 5.2

(4–7), PCW 3.3 (2.5–4), NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 74582)

Reference: Hoffman (1978)

Genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892

Henneguya acuta Bond, 1939

Host: Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824

(Esociformes: Esocidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Chautauqua Lake, New York, USA

Plasmodia: 1–2 length × 2–3 width

Spore measurements: SL 16.5 (14–18), SW 4–5,

TS 4, TL 57 (33–66), PCL 5–7, PCW 2, NC 8–9

Reference: Bond (1939)

Henneguya adherens Azevedo & Matos, 1995

Host: Acestrorhynchus falcatus Bloch, 1794

(Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12.4 (10.5–13.8), SW

5.8 (5.1–6.5), AL 20.5 (18.5–21.7), TL 32.3

(30.7–35.1), PCL 3.1 (2.8–3.5), PCW 1.2

(1.0–1.6), PC =, NC 3–4

Reference: Azevedo & Matos (1995)

Henneguya adiposa Minchew, 1977

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Adipose fin

Locality: Private pond, Lee County, Mississippi,

USA

Plasmodia: 120 length x 290 – 500 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 16.3 (12–19), SW 4.0

(3.5–5.0), TS 3.0 (2.5–3.5), AL 44.8 (28–59), TL

61.0 (45–75), PCL 7.7 (6.2–9.0), PCW 1.5

(1.0–2.0), PC ≠, =, NC 6–8

Reference: Minchew (1977)

Henneguya aequidens Videira, Valasco,

Azevedo, Silva, Gonçalves, Matos & Matos,

2015

Host: Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984

(Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amozon River (01°11'S, 47°18'W),

Myxozoa in the Americas

Peixe Boi, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: FC ellipsoid

Spore measurements: SL 15±0.9, SW 6±0.8, AL

27±0.6, TL 41±1.5, PCL 3±0.3, PCW 2±0.3, PC

=, NC 4–6

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 22)

Reference: Videira et al. (2015)

Henneguya akule Work, Takata, Whipps &

Kent, 2008

Host: Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)

(Perciformes: Carangidae) – MAR

Site: Bulbus arteriosus

Locality: EIP, Southern Oahu (21.15°N,

158.00°W), Barbers Point, Hawaii, USA

Plasmodia: 0.01–0.7 mm long; FC pleomorphic

Spore measurements: SL 12.1 (10–14), SW 7.4

(5–9), TS 5.3 (3–7), TL 40.8 (29–52), PCL 3.4

(2–6), PCW 1.4 (1–2), NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.

099994.00 and 099995.00)

GenBank: 18S (No. Eu016076)

Note: Also found in others localities: Southern

Oahu: Mauna Lua Bay (21.15° N, 157.45° W),

Waianae coast (21.30° N, 158.15° W), Sand Island

(21.18° N, 157.54° W)

Reference: Word et al. (2008)

Henneguya amazonica Rocha, Matos &

Azevedo, 1992

Host: Crenicichla lepidota Heckel (1840)

(Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.05 length × 0.15 width mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 13.9 (11.5–14.9), SW

5.7 (5.2–6.3), TS 4.4 (3.3–5.0), AL 45.4

(41.7–52.1), TL 59.3 (55.0–65.9), PCL 3.3

(2.7–3.6), PCW 1.5 (1.1–1.9), PC =, NC 6

Reference: Rocha et al. (1992)

Henneguya ameiurensis Nigrelli & Smith, 1940

Host: Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur, 1819)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Barbels

Locality: New Hampshire Lake, New Hampshire,

USA

Plasmodia: 190 lenth x 342 width µm; FC

spherical, oval or iregular

Spore measurements: SW 4.1, TS 3, AL 15-41.5,

TL 23.3

Reference: Nigrelli & Smith (1940)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

448

Henneguya amiae Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1940

Host: Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766 (Amiiformes:

Amiidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 15.8–25, SW 4.1–6.6,

AL 18–25, PCL 5.5–6.6, PCW 1.6–2.5, PC =

Reference: Fantham et al. (1940)

Henneguya arapaima Feijó, Arana, Ceccarelli &

Adriano, 2008

Host: A ra pai ma g ig as S ch inz, 18 22

(Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) – FW

Site: Gill arch, gallbladder

Locality: Araguaia River (13°22'48''S,

50°41'02''W), Nova Crixás, Goiás, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter; FC round or

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 14.2 (13.5–15.2), SW

5.7 (5.1–6.1), TS 4.9 (4.7–5.3), AL 38.3

(38.0–41.2), TL 51.6 (48.4–53.1), PCL 6.5

(6.3–6.8), PCW 1.5 (1.4–1.6), PC =, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 23)

Reference: Feijó et al. (2008)

Henneguya astyanax Vita, Corral, Matos &

Azevedo, 2003

Host: Jupiaba keithi (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail,

1996) (Characiformes: Characidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River (01°11'30''S,

47°18'54''W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.25 mm; FC ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 15.2±0.77, SW

5.7±0.71, TS 4.2±0.31, AL 32.6±1.11, TL

47.8±0.71, PCL 5.0±0.13, PCW 1.5±0.0, NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1004430)

Reference: Vita et al. (2003)

Henneguya azevedoi Barassa, Adriano,

Cordeiro, Arana & Ceccarelli, 2012

Host: Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River, Pirassununga, São

Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 40–200 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 10.0±0.07 (9.9–10.2),

SW 4.4±0.4 (4.0–5.0), AL 35.6±0.9 (34.9–36.5),

Poblete Vidal et al.

TL 45.2±0.6 (45.0–47.0), PCL 3.8±0.3 (3.5–4.0,

PCW 1.0, PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 30)

Reference: Barassa et al. (2012)

Henneguya bulbosus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou,

Khoo & Pote, 2014

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Commercial catfish pond, Washington

County, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia:~1.25 mm in diameter; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 17.1±0.1 (15.0–19.3),

SW 4.8±0.4 (3.7–5.6), AL 40.0±5.1 (29.5–50.0),

TL 57.2±4.7 (46.8–66.8), PCL 5.8±0.3 (5.1–6.4),

PCW 1.7±0.1 (1.4–1.9)

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1251670)

GenBank: 18S (No. Km000055)

Reference: Rosser et al. (2014)

Henneguya caudalongula Adriano, Arana &

Cordeiro, 2005

Host: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Center for the Research and

Management of Continental Fishing Resources

Cepta/Ibama (21°56'3.6528''S, 47°22'19.7436''

W), Pirassununga, São Paulo

Plasmodia: 1 mm in diameter; FC round or

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 16.6±0.5, SW 4.6±0.2,

AL 52.6±1.5, TL 71±1.4, PCL 6.1±02, PCW 1.6 ±

0.2, NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 16 and 17)

Reference: Adriando et al. (2005a)

Henneguya caudicula Eiras, Takemoto &

Pavanelli, 2008

Host: Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Paraná River, Porto Rico, Paraná, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.05 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 11.3 (11–12), SW 5.4

(5–6), TS 3.6 (3–4), AL 3.4 (3–4), TL 14.7

(14–16), PCL 3.7 (3–4), PCW 1.5, PC =, NC 3

Specimens in Collection: MNHUP (accession

numbers not provided)

Reference: Eiras et al. (2008)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

449

Henneguya chydadea Barassa, Cordeiro &

Arana, 2003

Host: Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski,

2000 (Characiformes: Characidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Rio das Pedras farm, Campinas, São

Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 40–64 length x 64-80 width μm; FC

oval

Spore measurements: SL 8.8–11.2, SW 3.2–5.6,

AL 8–9.6, TL 17.6–20, PCL 3.2–4.4, PCW

1.2–1.6, NC 9–19

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 10 and 11)

Reference: Barassa et al. (2003)

Henneguya corruscans Eiras, Takemoto &

Pavanelli, 2009

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformres: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Paraná River, Porto Rico, Paraná, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.1–0.3 mm; FC round, oval

Spore measurements: SL 14.3 (13–15), SW 5, TS

4, AL 13.7 (12–15), TL 27.6 (25–29), PCL 6.8

(6–7), PCW 2, NC 5–6

Reference: Eiras et al. (2009)

Henneguya cuniculator Naldoni, Maia, Silva &

Adriano 2014

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformres: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: São Francisco River (17°12'8''S;

44°50'0''W), Pirapora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Plasmodia: Up to 1 cm long; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 12.1±1.0 (10.0−14.7),

SW 4.8±0.4 (4.0−5.9), TS 4.2±0.7 (3.9−4.9), AL

16.7±2.0 (12.3−19.4), TL 29.4±2.4 (23.3−32.4),

PCL 6.2±0.3 (5.2−6.2), PCW 1.8±0.1 (1.4−1.9),

PC =, NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 40

and MYX 41)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf732840)

Reference: Naldoni et al. (2014)

Henneguya curimata Azevedo & Matos, 2002

Host: C ur imata inor na ta Vari, 1989

(Characiformes: Curimatidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Amazon River (00°35'38''S,

47°35'00''W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.6–1.2 mm in diameter; FC round

Myxozoa in the Americas

Spore measurements: SL 16.0–17.4, SW 5.8–6.6,

AL 18.3–19.9, TL 34.2–36.1, PCL 6.5 ± 0.3, PCW

1.2 ± 0.2, NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (accession

numbers not provided)

Reference: Azevedo & Matos (2002)

Henneguya curvata Barassa, Adriano, Arana &

Cordeiro, 2003

Host: Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner, 1858

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Rio das Pedras farm, Campinas, São

Paulo

Plasmodia: 0.1–0.5 mm long; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 16.4±0.8, SW 4.7±0.2,

AL 25.3±2.3, TL 41.7 ± 2.7, PCL 7.8 ± 0.3, PCW

1.4 ± 0.2, NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 06 and 07)

Reference: Barassa et al. (2003)

Henneguya cynoscioni Dyková, Buron,

Roumillat & Fiala, 2011

Host: Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – FW

Site: Bulbus arteriosus

Locality: Low Ashley Rive, Charleston Harbor

estuary, California, USA

Plasmodia: FC large

Spore measurements: SL 10.4 (9.8–11.7), SW

8.8, TS 5.8, AL 28.0 (23.5–33.3), TL 38.6

(34.3–44.1), PCL 3.3, PCW 2, PC =, NC 2–4

Specimens in Collection: IPCAS (accession

numbers not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jn017203)

Reference: Dyková et al. (2011)

Henneguya cyphocharax Abdallah, Azevedo,

Luque & Bomfim, 2007

Host: Cyphocharax Gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard,

1824) (Characiformes: Curimatidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Guandú River (22°48'32"S,

43º37'35"W), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.10–0.32 length x 0.12–0.35 width

mm; FC ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 11.3 (7.7–13.4), SW 4.4

(2.9–6.3), AL 23.7 (20.8–31.5), TL 35.1

(29.6–44.4), PCL 5.2 (4.2–6.3), PCW 1.9

(1.5–2.3), PC ≠, NC 7–9

Specimens in Collection: CHIOC (accession

numbers not provided)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

450

Reference: Abdallah et al. (2007)

Henneguya diversis Minchew, 1977

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Base of dorsal barbel, pectoral fins, liver,

kidney and muscles

Locality: Commercial catfish farm, Perry County,

Alabama, USA

Plasmodia: 250 length x 600 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 14.8(13.5–16.5), SW

4.0(3.2–5.0), TS 3.9(3.0–4.5), AL 34.6(25–47),

TL 49.5(40–62), PCL 6.5(6.0–7.5), PCW

1.5(1.0–2.0), NC 6–8

Reference: Minchew (1977)

Henneguya doori Guilford, 1963

Host: Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Perciidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Winsconsin,

USA

Plasmodia: 0.15.0.5 mm in diameter; FC round to

oval

Spore measurements: SL 20.1 (15–24), SW 8.7

(6–16), TS 7.1 (4–8.4), AL 18.7 (6–27), TL 38.8

(31–45), PCL 9.1 (7–9.6), PCW 1.5–3, PC =, NC

9–14

Reference: Guilford (1963)

Henneguya eirasi Naldoni, Arana, Maia, Silva,

Carriero, Ceccarelli, Tavares & Adriano, 2011

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Aquidauna River (20°29'19'' S,

55°46'49''W), Miranda River (20°11'27'' S,

56°30'19''W), Paraguay River (17°54'58''S,

57°28'01''W), Cuiabá River (17°50'32''S,

57°23'46''W), Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul,

Brazil

Plasmodia: 3.0 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 12.9±0.8, SW 3.4±0.3,

TS 3.1±0.1, AL 24.6±2.2, TL 37.1±1.8, PCL

5.4±0.5, PCW 0.7±0.1, NC 12–13

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 29)

GenBank: 18S (No. Hq655111)

Reference: Naldoni et al. (2011)

Henneguya electrica Jakowska & Nigrelli, 1953

Host: Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) – FW

Poblete Vidal et al.

Site: Large electric organs

Locality: New York Aquarium, New York, New

York, USA

Spore measurements: SL 11–13, SW 6–8, AL

24–27, TL 35–39, PCL 5–7, PCW 2

Note: The fish is from Brazil, but went at New York

Aquarium, USA

Reference: Jakowska and Nigrelli (1953)

Henneguya episclera Minchew & Sleight, 1977

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Private fish hatchery, Carolina, Rhode

Island, USA

Plasmodia: 2.5 length x 1.2 width mm; FC bilobed

or multilobed

Spore measurements: SL 21.7 (16–25), SW 8.0

(7–9), TS 8.7 (7–10), AL 37.1 (28–49), TL 62.6

(49–81), PCL 6.0 (4–7), PCW 2.7 (2–3), PC ≠, NC

5–6

Reference: Minchew & Sleight (1977)

Henneguya esocis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 (Esociformes:

Esocidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Brome Lake, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: up to 10 mm

Spore measurements: SL 15–23.6, SW 3.2–4.6,

AL 19–50, PCL 5–7.3, PCW 1.4–2.7

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Henneguya exilis Kudo, 1929

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Rock River, Sterling, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–2 mm in diameter; FC subcircular

to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 18–20, SW 4–5, TS

3–3.5, TL 60–70, PCL 8–9, PCW 1–1.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1929)

Henneguya friderici Casal, Matos & Azevedo,

2003

Host: Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills, intestine, kidney and liver

Locality: Amazon River (01°11'30''S, 47°18'54'

W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

451

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.0 mm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 10.4 (9.6–11.8), SW 5.7

(4.8–6.6), TS 4.9 (4.6–5.2), AL 23.3 (19.1–28.7),

TL 33.8 (28.7–39.3), PCL 4.9 (4.2–5.9), PCW 2.1

(1.5–2.6), NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1007181)

Reference: Casal et al. (2003)

Henneguya gambusi Parker, Spall & Warner,

1971

Host: Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Little Stillwater Creek, Payne County,

Oklahoma, USA

Spore measurements: SL 10.2 (9.5–11.0), SW 6.1

(5.0–7.0), TS 5.4 (4.8–6.0), AL 17.7(13–21), PCL

3.0 (3.0–3.5), PCW 2.0 (1.8–2.2), PC =, NC 3–5

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 71668)

Reference: Parker et al. (1971)

Henneguya garavelli Martins & Onaka, 2006

Host: Cyphocharax nagelli (Steindachner, 1881)

(Characiformes: Curimatidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Rio das Pedras Reservoir, Sao Jose do

Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 60.9±13.7 (42.8–63.2) length x

34.7±7.3 (24.5–42.8) width µm; FC circular to

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 13.6 (12.0–14.4), SW

4.0 (3.9–4.1), AL 33.0 (29.2–37.5), TL 46.6

(41.2–51.5), PCL 5.4 (4.8–6.0), PCW 1.2

(1.0–1.5)

Specimens in Collection: CHIOC (No. 34986)

Reference: Martins & Onaka (2006)

Henneguya guanduensis Abdallah, Azevedo,

Luque & Bomfim, 2007

Host: Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828)

(Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Guandú River (22°48'32"S,

43º37'35"W), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.06–0.30 length x 0.08–0.38 width

Spore measurements: SL 14.6 (11.4–16.7), SW

6.5 (4.9–7.9), AL 19.0 (15.6–22.5), TL 33.6

(27.3–38.1), PCL 4.4 (3.3–5.6), PCW 2.0

(1.6–2.3), PC ≠

Specimens in Collection: CHIOC (accession

numbers not provided)

Myxozoa in the Americas

Reference: Abdallah et al. (2007)

Henneguya gurleyi Kudo, 1919

Host: Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Base spines

Locality: Storm Lake, Storm Lake, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 1 mm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 19, SW 5–6, TS 3

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Henneguya hemiodopsis Azevedo, Casal,

Mendonc¸a & Matos, 2009

Host: Hemiodopsis microlepis Kner, 1858

(Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Poty River (05º05'S, 42º48'W), Teresina,

Piauí, Brazil

Plasmodia: Up to 0.2 mm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 10.8±0.5, SW 3.3±0.4,

TS 2.5±0.5, AL 8.7±0.6, TL 19.7±0.9, PCL

3.5±0.3, PCW 1.0±0.2, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1123997)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2009)

Henneguya ictaluri Pote, Hanson & Shivaji,

2000

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Commercial catfish pond, Brooksville,

Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 638.5 length x 661.3 width µm; FC

oval

Spore measurements: SL 23.9 (20.8–26.1), SW

6.0 (4.5–6.4), AL 63(48.1–80.2), PCL 8.1

(7.6–9.6), PCW 2.5 (2.0–3.2), PC =

GenBank: 18S (No. AFO298320)

Reference: Pote et al.(2000)

Henneguya jocu Azevedo, Rocha, Matos, Matos,

Oliveira, Al-Quraishy & Casal, 2014

Host: Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

(Perciformes: Lutjanidae) – FW/BW

Site: Gills

Locality: NBS (00°35'S, 48°30'W), Algodoal,

Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: ~260 length x 130 width µm; FC

ellipsoidal to subspherical

Spore measurements: SL 10.9±0.4 (10.3–11.4),

SW 8.2±0.3 (7.8–8.6), TS 2.9±0.5 (2.6–3.4), AL

34.1±1.0 (44.0–55.3), TL 45.2±1.0 (44.0–55.3),

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

452

PCL 45.2±1.0 (44.0–55.3), PCW 5.0±0.3

(4.6–5.3), PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 019/13)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf264964)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2014)

Henneguya lagodon Hall & Iversen, 1967

Host: Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Perciformes: Sparidae) – FW

Site: Skin (ocular region)

Locality: Buttonwood Canal, Everglades National

Park, Florida, USA

Plasmodia: 0.7 (0.2–1.4) mm in width

Spore measurements: SL 8.4 (7–9), SW 6.4

(5.7–7.1), TS 5.7 (4.6–6.8), AL 23.8 (17.1–3), TL

31.3 (25.7–39.3), PCL 3.5 (2.2–4.3), PCW 2.1

(1.8–2.5), PC ≠, NC 3

Reference: Hall & Iversen (1967)

Henneguya leporini Nemeczek, 1926

Host: Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner,

1875) (Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Urinary ducts

Locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: 30–40 µm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 13–15, SW 5, AL

15–18, TL 28–33, PCL 5–8

Reference: Nemeczek (1926)

Henneguya leporinicola Martins, Souza,

Moraes & Moraes, 1999

Host: Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello &

Britski, 1988 (Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: commercial fish farm, Capivari, São

Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 53.1 (23.4–70.3) µm in diameter; FC

round

Spore measurements: SL 7.6 (5.5–8.7), SW 4.2

(3.6–4.9), AL 21.8 (12.9–32.2), PCL 3.0 (2.0–3.6),

PCW 1.6 (1.2–2.0)

Reference: Martins et al. (1999)

Henneguya limatula Meglitsch, 1937

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Ohio River, Shawneedtown, Illinois,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 13–17, SW 5–6, AL

27–37, PCL 6.5–8, PCW 1.5–2

Note: Also found in I. furcatus Rafinesque

Poblete Vidal et al.

Reference: Meglitsch (1937)

Henneguya longicauda Minchew, 1977

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Private pond, Neshoba County,

Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 130–370 length x 110–120 width µm;

FC circular to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 16.2 (14–17.5), SW 4.0

(3.5–4.5), TS 4.0 (3.5–4.0), AL 90.5(75–110), TL

108.3 (91–127), PCL 7.7 (7.0–8.5), PCW 1.8

(1.5–2.0), PC ≠, =, NC 9–12

Reference: Minchew (1977)

Henneguya maculosus Carriero, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Spix &

Agassiz, 1829 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Pantanal National Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''), Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1.5 mm in diameter; FC elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 13.7±0.6, SW 4.1±0.2,

TS 3.0±0.2, AL 17.5±1.0, PCL 5.6±0.5, PCW

1.6±0.2, PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 34)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf296344)

Note: Also in P. reticulatum Eigenmann &

Eigenmann (GenBank accession number

Kf2963459)

Reference: Carriero et al. (2013)

Henneguya magna Rice & Jahn, 1943

Host: Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Perciformes: Moronidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Spirit Lake, Okoboji region, Iowa, USA

Spore measurements: SL 24.8, SW 6.2, TL 87,

PCL 4

Reference: Rice & Jahn (1943)

Henneguya malabarica Azevedo & Matos, 1996

Host: Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)

(Char aci forme s: E ryt hrini dae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 12.6 (11.8–13.1), SW

3.6–4.8, TL 28.3 (26.6–29.8), PCL 3.7

(3.0–4.3),PCW 1.8 (1.6–2.2), NC 6–7

Note: These species are surrounded by an external

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

453

hyaline sheet surrounding the spore body and the

two tails

Reference: Azevedo & Matos (1996a)

Henneguya melini Mathews, Maia & Adriano,

2016

Host: Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl,

1930 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) – FW

Site: Gill filaments

Locality: Negro River (0°24'50''S, 65°01'08''W),

Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil

Plasmodia: 260 µm in diameter; FC round to

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 15.5±0.2 (15.3–15.7),

SW 4.7±0.1 (4.6–4.8), AL 25.3±0.1 (25.2–25.4),

TL 40.8±0.3 (40.3–41.1), PCL 4.8±0.5 (4.3–5.3),

PCW 1.7±0.3 (1.4–2.0), PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 51)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kp404438)

Reference: Mathews et al. 2016.

Henneguya mississippiensis Rosser, Griffin,

Quiniou, Khoo, Greenway, Wise & Pote, 2015

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Commercial catfish pond, Washington

County, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 17.1±1.0 (14.4–19.3),

SW 5.0±0.3 (4.5–5.5), AL 31.0±4.1 (22.9–40.6),

TL 48.8±4.8 (40.7–61.6), PCL 6.2±0.4 (5.8–7.0),

PCW 1.7±0.2 (1.4–1.9), NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1270623)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kp404438)

Reference: Rosser et al. (2015)

Henneguya multiplasmodialis Adriano,

Carriero, Maia, Silva, Naldoni, Ceccarelli &

Arana, 2012

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Aquidauna River (20°29'19''S,

55°46'49''W), Miranda River (20°11'27''S,

56°30'19''W), Paraguay River (17°54'58''S,

57°28'01''W), Cuiabá River (17°50'32''S,

57°23'46''W), Pantanal wetland, Mato Grosso do

Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 25 mm; FC large

Spore measurements: SL 14.7±0.5, SW 5.2±0.3,

TS 4.4±0.1, AL 15.4±1.3, TL 30.8±1.3, PCL

Myxozoa in the Americas

6.1±0.1, PCW 1.4±0.1, NC 6–7

GenBank: 18S (No. JQ654969 and Jq654970)

Note: Also in P. reticulatum Eigenmann &

Eigenmann (values for P. reticulatum: SL

14.5±0.4, SW 5.2±0.2, TS 4.2±0.3, AL 14.8±1.4,

TL 30.6±1.2, PCL 6.2±0.2, PCW 1.5±0.2, NC

6–7)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2012)

Henneguya nagelii Azevedo, Abdallah, Paes,

Silva, Matos, Velasco & Matos 2013

Host: Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner, 1881)

(Characiformes: Curimatidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Peixe's River (22°49'53.1''S,

48°06'38''W), Anhembi, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 150–250 µm; FC fusiform

Spore measurements: SL 12.0±0.5 (11.2–11.9),

SW 4.9±0.3 (4.4–5.5), TS 4.1±0.2 (3.6–5.7), AL

22.4±4.0 (14.7–27.3), TL 34.5±4.2 (26.4–39.9),

PCL 4.9±0.4 (4.0–5.9), PCW 1.8±0.2 (1.5–2.2),

PC ≠, NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 005 and 006)

Reference: Azevedo et al (2013)

Henneguya nigris Bond, 1939

Host: Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 (Esociformes:

Esocidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Middle River, Baltimore County,

Maryland, USA

Plasmodia: 1–2 length x 4–5 width mm; FC

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 22, SW 7–8, TS 4–5,

TL 57(45–60), PCL 5–6, PCW 2.5, NC 5–6

Note: Also found in E. masquinongy Mitchill

Reference: Bond (1926)

Henneguya occulta Nemeczek, 1926

Host: Loricaria sp. (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) –

Site: Gills

Locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: 75 µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 16–20, TS 8–10, AL 20,

TL 36–50, PCL 8

Reference: Nemeczek (1926)

Henneguya ocellata Iversen & Yokel, 1963

Host: Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Perciformes: Scianidae) – MAR

Site: Intestine, pyloric cacae

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454

Locality: TNA, Everglades National Park and

Florida Bay, Florida, USA

Plasmodia: 1.2–2.0 mm; FC spherical to elliptical

Spore measurements: SW 8.3 (7.3–8.9), TS 6.3

(5.9–6.6), TL 19.2 (17.2–21.1), PCL 3.6–4.3 2.0-

3.0, PC =

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 23696)

Reference: Iversen & Yokel (1963)

Henneguya paraensis Velasco, Videira,

Nascimento, Matos, Gonçalves & Matos, 2016

Host: Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821

(Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Gill filaments

Locality: Tocantins River (02° 14' S, 49° 49' W),

Cametá, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 800 µm; FC elongated

Spore measu reme nts : SL 12 .8±0. 42

(12.38–13.22), SW 8.6±0.32 (8.18–8.92), AL

29.5±0.73 (28.77–30.23), TL 42.3±0.65

(41.65–42.95), PCL 7.4 ± 0.16 (6.67–7.56), PCW

2.6±0.08 (2.52–2.68), NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 24)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ku535882)

Henneguya paranaensis Eiras, Pavanelli &

Takemoto, 2004

Host: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Paraná River, Porto Rico, Paraná, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.1 mm, FC oval to round

Spore measurements: SL 16.1 (14–17), SW 6.5

(6–7), TS 5, AL 43.1 (41–46), TL 50 (56–63), PCL

8.4 (8–9), PC ≠, NC 10–12

Reference: Eiras et al. (2004)

Henneguya pellis Minchew, 1977

Host: Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes, 1840)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Lee County, Alabama, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1–2 mm in diameter; FC circular to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 13.0 (11.0–14.5), SW

5.0 (4.5–5.2), TS 4.8 (4–5), AL 87.8(66–112), TL

100.4 (79–124), PCL 6.9 (5.5–8.5), PCW 1.8

( 1 . 5 – 2 . 0 ) , NC 8–10

Reference: Minchew (1977)

Henneguya pellucida Adriano, Arana &

Cordeiro, 2005

Poblete Vidal et al.

Host: Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Serous membrane of visceral cavity and

tunica externa of swim bladder

Locality: Center for the Research and

Management of Continental Fishing Resources

Cepta/Ibama (21°56'3.6528''S, 47°22'19.7436''W),

Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5–3 mm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11.4±0.3, SW 4.1±0.4,

AL 24.1±1.5, TL 33.3±1.5, PCL 4.0±0.4, PCW

1.6±0.2, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 20, 21 and

22)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2005b)

Henneguya percae Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Lake Memohremagog, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.25 mm

Spore measurements: SL 13.2–16.8, SW

9.5–12.3, AL 14.5–18.5, TL 8.5–10, PCL 2.3–3.2,

NC 10–15

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Henneguya piaractus Martins & Souza, 1997

Host: Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Jaboticaabal, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.1-0.9 mm; FC ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 12.7 (11.8–13.6), SW

3.6 (3.2–3.9), AL 41.2 (39.7–43.6), TL 52.5

(47.6–56.3), PCL 6.7 (6.3–7.1), PCW 1.2

(0.9–1.6), PC =, NC 8–9

Reference: Martins & Souza (1997)

Henneguya pilosa Azevedo & Matos, 2003

Host: Serrasalmus altuvei Ramirez, 1965

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Zoological Garden (05°05'21''S,

42°48'07''W), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil

Plasmodia: up to 0.2 mm in diameter; FC

spherical to ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 21.1 (20.0–13.1), SW

5.9 (5.5–6.5), AL 31.1 (30.5–34.9), TL 54.2

(52.3–56.0), PCL 7.4 (7.1–7.6), PCW 1.2

(1.0–1.3), NC 11–12

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455

Specimens in Collection: IPCAS (No. H-PM-068,

H2027071)

Reference: Azevedo & Matos (2003)

Henneguya pisciforme Cordeiro, Artigas, Gióia

& Lima, 1984

Host: Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann, 1907)

(Characiformes: Characidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.09-0.1 mm; FC round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 20.4 (17.3– 23.2), SW

6.1 (4.4– 6.7), AL 10.6 (8.4– 12.8), PCL 4.2 (3.1–

6.1), PCW 1.7 (1.1– 2.4), PC ≠

Reference: Cordeiro et al. (1984)

Henneguya postexilis Minchew, 1977

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Private rearing pond, Saline County,

Missouri, USA

Plasmodia: 12 x 12–80 µm; FC circular to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 15.0 (13.5–17), SW 3.4

(3.5–4.0), TS 3.0 (3.5–4.0), AL 37.0 (28–49), TL

52.0 (42–62), PCL 6.6 (5.9–7.2), PCW 1.5

(1.0–2.0), PC ≠, =, NC 6–8

Reference: Minchew (1977)

Henneguya pseudoplatystoma Naldoni, Arana,

Maia, Ceccarelli, Tavares, Borges, Pozo &

Adriano, 2009

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Fish farms, Mogi Mirim and

Bandeirantes, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul,

Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 10.4±0.6, SW 3.4±0.4,

TS 4.5±0.1, AL 22.7±1.7, TL 33.2±1.9, PCL

3.3±0.4, PCW 1.0±0.1, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZEUC (No. 26)

Reference: Naldoni et al. (2009)

Henneguya rhamdia Matos, Tajdari & Azevedo,

2005

Host: Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

(Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Peixe Boi River (01°11'30''S,

47°18'54''W), Peixe Boi, Pará, Brazil

Myxozoa in the Americas

Plasmodia: up to 0.3 mm; FC spherical to

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 13.1±1.1, SW 5.2±0.5,

TS 2.5±0.25, AL 36.9±1.6, TL 50.0±1.8, PCL

4.7±0.4, PCW 1.1±0.2, NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1076957)

Reference: Matos et al. (2005)

Henneguya rondoni Azevedo, Casal, Matos &

Matos, 2008

Host: Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Miranda

R i b e i r o , 1 9 2 0 ) ( G y m n o t i f o r m e s :

Rhamphichthyidae) – FW

Site: Peripheral lateral nerves beneath lateral lines

Locality: Amazon River (01°46'S, 47°26'W),

Irituia Beach, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: Up to 0.110 mm, FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 7.0 (6.8–7.3), SW 3.6

(3.0–3.9), TS 2.5 (2.2–2.8), AL 10.7 (10.3–11.0),

TL 17.7 (16.9–18.1), PCL 2.5 (2.2–2.6), PCW

0.85 (0.79–0.88), NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1110541

and 1110542)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2008)

Henneguya rotunda Moreira, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2014

Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Fins and gill

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River (21°55'37''S,

47°22'03''W), Pirassunga, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.7 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 7.1±0.2, SW 5.6±0.2,

TS 3.7±0.1, AL 16.4±1.2, TL 23.6±1.1, PCL

3.4±0.2, PCW 1.8±0.1, PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 43 and

Myx 44)

GenBank: 18S (No. KJ416130 & Kj416131)

Reference: Moreira et al. (2014)

Henneguya salminicola Ward 1919

Host: Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Connective tissue and body muscles

Locality: Stickeen River, Alaska, USA

Plasmodia: 6–8 length x 3–6 width mm; FC

piriform

Spore measurements: SL 11.97–14.75, SW

7.12–8.43, AL 30.78–38.19, TL 42.75–52.44,

PCL 3.7–4.56, PCW 1.59–2.85, PC =

Reference: Ward (1919)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

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Henneguya salmonis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

H o s t : S a l m o s a l a r L i n n a e u s , 1 7 5 8

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Skin (near dorsal fin)

Locality: Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 10–11.6, SW 5–7.7, TS

4.5–5.5, AL 36.8–45.6, PCL 1.5–2.3

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Henneguya santae Guimaraes & Bergamin,

1934

Host: Hyphessobrycon santae (Eigenmann, 1907)

(Characiformes: Characidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Pinheiros River, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1–1.2 length x 0.7–0.75 width mm;

FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 8.5–10.6, SW 4.9–5.7,

AL 8.7–12.7, PCL 2.5–3.5, PC ≠, =

Reference: Guimaraes & Bergamin (1934)

Henneguya schizodon Eiras, Malta, Varela &

Pavanelli, 2004

Host: Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Amazon River, Manaus, Amazonia,

Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 13.1 (12–14), SW 3.3

(3.4), AL 16.3 (15–17), TL 28.9 (27–30), PCL 5.4

(5–6), PCW 1.3 (1–1.5), NC 8–10

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No.001)

Reference: Eiras et al. (2004)

Henneguya schizura Labbé, 1899

[Syn. Myxobolus schizurus Gurley, 1894]

Host: Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 (Esociformes:

Esocidae) – FW

Site: Eyes

Locality: USA

Plasmodia: 0.44-1.09 mm

Spore measurements: SL 12, SW 6, TS 3, AL

36–48

Reference: Labbé (1899)

Henneguya sebasta Moser & Love, 1975

Host: Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854

(Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) – MAR

Site: Bulbus; truncus arteriosus

Locality: CTNP, Morro Bay, Santa Bárbara,

California, USA

Poblete Vidal et al.

Plasmodia: 1–5 mm; FC round or irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15.1 (13.0–17.5), SW

9.2 (5.6–11.0), TS 7.1 (5.0–8.7), AL 62

(32.5–87.5), TL 77.1 (48.1–82.8), PCL 4.5

(3.7–5.6), PCW 2.4 (1.8–3.1), NC 4–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24406)

Note: Also in the heart chamber. Other hosts:

Sebastes Jordani Gilbert, S. chlorostictus Jordan &

Gilbert, S. diploproa Gilbert, S. miniatus Jordan &

Gilbert, S. serranoides Eigenmann & Eigenmann

Reference: Moser & Love (1975)

Henneguya shackletoni Brickle, Kalavati &

MacKenzie, 2006

Host: Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier, 1830)

(Perciformes: Eleginopsidae) – MAR

Site: Wall of alimentary tract, mesenteries,

surfaces of gonad and heart

Locality: Port Louis (51°40'S, 59°36'W) and Teal

Creek (51°48'S, 58°55'W), Falkland Islands

Plasmodia: 0.5–0.8 mm; FC spherical or

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 11.4 (9.5–14.5), SW 8.5

(7.0–11.0), TS 7.0 (5.4–8.6), AL 37.0 (25.0–51.0),

TL 49.0 (34.5–65.5), PCL 3.5 (3.0–5.0), PCW 3.1

(2.5–3.5), PC =

Specimens in Collection: BMNH (No.

2005:4:14:1–4)

Reference: Brickle et al. (2006)

Henneguya striolata Casal, Matos & Azevedo,

1997

Host: Pristobrycon striolatus (Steindachner,

1908) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.06–0.18 mm; FC round to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15.8 (14.4–17.0), SW

5.3 (4.9–5.9), TS 42.2 (39.3–45.6), AL 25.9

(23.6–29.8), TL 6.8 (5.1–7.0), PCL 1.2 (1.1–1.3),

PC ≠, =, NC 13–14

Reference: Casal et al. (1997)

Henneguya sutherlandi Griffin, Pote, Wise,

Greenway, Mauel & Camus, 2008

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Skin nodules

Locality: Comercial farm, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: up to 2 mm; FC round to oval

Spore measurements: SL 15.4 (12.2–19.3), SW

5.5 (4.5–6.8), AL 50.5 (34.8–71.4), TL 65.9

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

457

(48.2–90), PCL 6.1 (4.0–7.9), PCW 1.7 (1.0–2.2),

PC ≠, NC 6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (accession

numbers not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ef191200)

Reference: Griffin et al. (2008)

Henneguya testicularis Azevedo, Corral &

Matos, 1997

Host: Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther, 1864)

(Characiformes: Chararacidae) – FW

Site: Testis

Locality: Amazon River (01°11'30''S,

47°18'54''W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 14.0 (14.0–14.5), SW

6.5 (6.0–6.5), AL 13.5 (13–14.5), TL 27.5

(27.0–28.5), PCL 9.0 (8.5–9.5), PCW 2.0

(2.0–2.5), NC 12–13

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 47844

holotype; 1996:12:3:1–3 paratypes)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (1997)

Henneguya texana Joy, 1972

Host: Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Gills

Locality: Galveston Bay, Texas, USA

Spore measurements: SL 8.1 (7–9), SW 6.7

(6–7), TS 4.7 (4–5), AL 48.6 (36–59), TL 56.7

(44–66), PCL 4.0 (3.6–4.4), PCW 2.0 (1–2), PC =,

NC 3

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24121)

Reference: Joy (1972)

Henneguya theca Kent & Hoffmam 1984

Host: Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes,

1836) (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) – FW

Site: Brain

Locality: Brazil

Spore measurements: SW 3.5 (3.0–4.1), AL 23.2

(20.3–24.2), TL 48.0 (40.6–52.6), PCL 11.1

(9.8–12.5), PCW 1.4 (1.0–1.6), PC ≠

Reference: Kent & Hoffman (1984)

Henneguya torpedo Azevedo, Casal, Matos,

Alves & Matos, 2011

Host: Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (Hopkins,

19910 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) – FW

Site: Brain, spinal chord

Locality: Peixe Boi River (01° 11' S, 47° 18' W),

Peixe Boi, Pará, BrazilSpore measurements: SL

28.5 (28.3–30.1), SW 7.2 (7.0–7.5), TS 3.0

Myxozoa in the Americas

(2.9–3.1), AL 19.6 (19.2–19.9), TL 48.6

(48.3–48.9), PCL 6.4 (6.3–6.6), PCW 1.8

(1.7–1.9), NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 2055216)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2011)

Henneguya travassoi Guimaraes & Bergamin,

1933

Host: L ep or inus sp. (Characifo rmes:

Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Muscle

Locality: Brazil

Plasmodia: up to 5 mm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 10.1-10.8, SW 3.8-4.8,

AL 15.3-18, TL 26.3-28.1, PCL 3.2-4.0

Reference: Guimaraes & Bergamin (1933)

Henneguya umbri Guilford, 1965

Host: Umbra limi (Kirtland, 1840) (Esociformes:

Umbridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Winsconsin,

USA

Plasmodia: Up to 0.19 mm; FC round to slighthy

ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 18.4 (15.6-20.4), SW

6.05 (5.4-7.0), TS 5.4 (4.8-6.0), AL 26.8(19.2-

38.8), TL 45.2 (35.6-56.4), PCL 6.1 (4.8-7.2),

PCW 1.5-2.4, PC =, NC 6

Reference: Guilford (1965a)

Henneguya visceralis Jakovska & Nigrelli, 1953

Host: Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) – FW

Site: Kidney, liver, heart, mesentery

Locality: New York Aquarium, New York, New

York, USA

Spore measurements: SL 11–12, SW 5.0–6.5, TS

4.5, TL 22–24, PCL 6.5–8, PCW 2, PC =, NC

11–12

Note: The fish was from Brazil, but went at New

York Aquarium, USA

Reference: Jakowska & Nigrelli (1953)

Henneguya visibilis Moreira, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2014

Host: Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Connective tissue of the fins

Locality: Mogi Guaçu River (21°55'37''S,

47°22'03''W), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 400–1.000 μm long; FC elongate

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

458

Spore measurements: SL 10.8±0.6, SW 3.9±0.2,

AL 18±1.2, TL 26.8±1.1, PCL 4.9±0.3, PCW

1.4±0.1, NC 6–9

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 33)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kc771143)

Reference: Moreira et al. (2014)

Henneguya wenyoni Pinto, 1928

Host: Tetragonopterus sp. (Characiformes:

Characidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 2 length x1 width mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 8–12, SW 4.5–6, AL

8–12, TL 20, PCL 2.5–3 in diameter, PC ≠

Reference: Pinto (1928)

Henneguya wisconsinensis Mavor & Strasser,

1916

Host: Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Urinary bladder

Locality: Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA

Plasmodia: 300 length x 70 width µm; FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 11.5, SW 7, AL 9.6, TL

21.1, PCL 3.5, PCW 2.5

Reference: Mavor & Strasser (1916)

Genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882

Myxobolus absonus Cellere, Cordeiro, Adriano

2002

Host: Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803

(Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Opercular cavity

Locality: Piracicaba River (22°42'08.4"S,

47°38'30.4"W), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1–2 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 15.7±1.5, SW

10.2±0.7, PCL 6.4±0.7, PCW 3.6±0.5, PC ≠, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 01 – 03)

Reference: Cellere et al. (2002)

Myxobolus algonquinensis Xiao & Desser 1997

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Ovary

Locality: Sasajewun Lake (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: Up to 0.8 mm; FC elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 14.7 (13.6–15.4), SW

Poblete Vidal et al.

10.9 (10.1–12.1), TS 5.8 (5.0–6.9), PCL 5.3

(5.1–5.5), PCW 2.7 (2.5–2.9), PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1996–0088

(spores), 1996–0089 (in ovary section), and

1996–0090 (ovary tissue)

Reference: Xiao & Desser (1997)

Myxobolus angustusKudo,1934

Host: Pimephales vigilax (Baird & Girard, 1853)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Illinois River, Meredosia Bay, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 260 length x 100 width µm; FC

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 14–15, SW 7–8, TS

6–7, PCL 8–9.5, PCW 2.5–3, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus argentus Lewis 1968

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Subdermal connective tissue

Locality: Gorhan, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 3.0 length x 3.7 width mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 13.93 (12.65–14.65),

SW 8.60 (8.56–9.71), TS 6.4 (5.7–7.4), PCL 5.6

(5.1–6.3), PCW 2.9 (2.8–3.4), PC =, NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 71287)

Reference: Lewis (1968)

Myxobolus associatus Nemeczek, 1926

Host: Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner,

1875) (Characiformes: Anostomidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: São Gonçalo das Tabocas River, Minas

Gerais, Brazil

Plasmodia: FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 15, SW 10, PCL 7

Reference: Nemeczek (1926)

Myxobolus aureatus Ward 1919

Host: Notropis anogenus Forbes, 1885

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Betwen the fin membranes

Locality: Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 1–1.6 length x 0.8–1.2 width mm; FC

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 12.4–13.5, SW 6.5–7.5,

TS 5, PCL 6–7.5, PC =, NC 6–7

Reference: Ward (1919)

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459

Myxobolus aureus Carriero, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Liver

Locality: Pantanal National Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''W), Poconé, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.40 mm in length

Spore measurements: SL 12.6±0.5, SW 8.3±0.3,

TS 5.5±0.3, PCL 5.7±0.3, PCW 2.9±0.2, PC =,

NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No.: MYX 35)

GenBank: 18S (No.: Kf296348)

Reference: Carriero et al. (2013)

Myxobolus bartai Salim & Desser 2000

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Body wall musculature (intracellular)

Locality: Sasajewun Lake (45°35'30"N,

78°31'30"W) and Kathlyn Lake ( 45°35'50"N,

78°32'00"W), Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 10 mm in length; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 11.0 (10.3–11.4), SW

10.8 (10.0–11.3), TS 7.1 (6.1–7.5), PCL 6.3

(5.9–7.0), PCW 3.8 (3.2–4.2), PC ≠, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: CMNP (No.

1999–0025)

GenBank: 18S (No. AF186835.1)

Note: The smaller polar capsules were 5.7

(4.9–6.3) in length and 3.3 (3.0– 4.0) in width

Reference: Salim & Desser (2000)

Myxobolus bartoni Kalavati, Brickle,

Mackenzie 2000

Host: Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

(Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) – MAR

Site: Trunk musculature

Locality: M, Fox Bay, Falkland Island, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 7.2 (6.4–8.0), SW 4.3

(4.0–4.8), PCL 3.6 (3.2–4.0), PCW 1.6, PC =, NC

3–4

Specimens in Collection: NHMUK (No.

1999:3:2:3/1999:3:2:4)

Reference: Kalavati et al. (2000)

Myxobolus bellus Kudo, 1934

Host: Carpiodes carpio (Refinesque, 1920)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Kaskakia River, Carlyle, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1.8 length x 1.2 width

Myxozoa in the Americas

Spore measurements: SL 10–11, SW 6.5–7, TS

4–5, PCL 4–5, PCW 1.5–2, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus bibullatus Grinham & Cone, 1990

[Syn. Myxosoma bibullatum Kudo, 1934]

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Rock River, Beloit, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.25–1 mm

Spore measurements: SL 14–15, SW 11.5–12.5,

TS 6–7.5, PCL 7, PCW 3.5, PC =

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1990–0008)

and USNPC (No. 8–1050)

Reference: Grinham & Cone (1990)

Myxobolus bilobus Cone, Yang, Sun & Easy,

2005

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gill filaments

Locality: Brewer Lake (45°35'N, 78°19'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: Up to 1.0 mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 20.0–22.1 (21±0.6),

SW 7.5–9.3 (8.4±0.5), TS 6, PCL 9.2–12.0

(10.8±0.7), PCW 2.2–3.6 (2.7±0.2), PC ≠, NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 96438)

GenBank: 18S (No. Dq008579)

Reference: Cone et al. (2005)

Myxobolus bondi Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma muelleri Bond, 1939]

Host: Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824

(Esociformes: Esocidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Chautauqua Lake, New York, USA

Plasmodia: 1 length x 2–3 width; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 13 (12–13.5), SW 7, TS

4.5, PCL 7, PCW 2.5–3, PC =, NC 8–10

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus branchiarum Walsh, Iwanowicz,

Glenney, Iwanowicz & Blazer, 2012

Host: Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gill lamellae

Locality: Potomac River, Shenandoah River and

Cowpasture River, West Virginia and Maryland,

USA

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

460

Plasmodia: 0.21–0.42 (0.32±0.02) length x

0.15–0.42 (0.24±0.02) width mm; FC subcircular

Spore measurements: SL 8.0–15.1 (12.8±0.14),

SW 4.0–8.9 (6.8±0.1), TS 4.7–7.1 (5.6±0.08), PC

=, NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 104898

and 104899)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jf714994)

Reference: Walsh et al. (2012)

Myxobolus braziliensis Casal, Matos & Azevedo,

1996

Host: Bunocephalus coracoideus (Cope, 1874)

(Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: Amazon River, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.3 length x 0.75 width mm; FC

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 10.2 (9.4–10.9), SW 5.2

(4.7–5.9), TS 3.6 (3.2–4.0), PCL 5.3 (5.0–5.4),

PCW 1.4 (1.4–1.4), PC =, NC 8–9

Reference: Casal et al. (1996)

Myxobolus brycon Azevedo, Casal, Marques,

Silva & Matos, 2011

Host: Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Paraguai River (18°49'S, 57°39'W),

Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: Up to 0.18 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 6.5–7.2 (6.9±0.6), SW

3.9–4.8 (4.2±0.5), TS 1.9–2.8 (2.5±0.7), PCL

3.8–4.7 (4.2±0.6), PCW 1.7–2.5 (1.9±0.6), PC =,

NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 2)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2011)

Myxobolus bubalis Otto & Jahn, 1943

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: Little Miller's Bay, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 0.438 mm

Spore measurements: SL 13.1–14.7, SW

10.2–11.7, PCL 5.8–6.3, PCW 2.2–2.9, PC =

Reference: Otto & Jahn (1943)

Myxobolus burti Cone & Marcogliese, 2010

Host: Notropis hudsonius (Clinton, 1824)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Poblete Vidal et al.

Locality: St. Lawrence River (45°55'N, 73°13'W),

Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1.00 length x 0.25 width; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 9.7–11.3 (10.3±0.6),

SW 7.1–8.4 (7.7±0.4), TS 5.6–6.0 (5.8±0.2), PCL

4.0–5.8 (5.3±0.5), PCW 2.1–3.2 (2.7±0.3), PC ≠,

NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.: 103474)

Note: Other known localities include Lake

Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St.

Claire, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

Reference: Cone & Marcogliese (2010)

Myxobolus capsulatus Davis, 1917

Host: Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepède, 1803

(Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodentidae) – FW

Site: Visceral connective tissue

Locality: Beaufort Region (32°26'0''N,

80°41'0''W), South Carolina, USA

Spore measurements: SL 10–11, SW 16, PCL 11,

PCW 4

Reference: Davis (1917)

Myxobolus cartilaginis Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma cartilaginis Hoffman, Putz &

Dunbar 1965]

Host: Lepomis macrochirus Refinesque, 1819

(Perciforme: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Head cartilage

Locality: Shenandoah River, Millvile, Virginia,

USA

Plasmodia: 420–1500 µm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 10.2 (9.5–10.5), SW 8.9

(8.4–9.5), TS 6.4 (6.3–7.3), PCL 5.3 (5.2–5.6),

PCW 3.3 (3–3.5), PC =, NC 5–7

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus catostomi Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

[Syn. Myxosoma catostomi Kudo, 1939]

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Mouth

Locality: Tributary of Nicolet River, Ford Village,

Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1 mm

Spore measurements: SL 11.8–14.5, SW 6.8–9.5,

PCL 4.5–5.8, PCW 1.3–3.2

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus centropomi Landsberg, 1993

Host: Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

461

(Perciformes: Centropomidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: Bishops Harbor (27°38'N, 82°35'W),

Little Manatti River (27°43'N, 82°23'W) and

Murray Creek (29°08'N, 80°53'W), Florida, USA

Spore measurements: SL 8.1 (7.5–9), SW 4.6

(3.5–5), T 3.8 (3.5–4), PCL 3.3 (3–4), PCW 1.5

(1–2), PC =

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 82393)

Note: 28.6 (19–39) length of polar filament

Reference: Landsberg (1993a)

Myxobolus cephalus Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma cephalis Iversen, Chitty &

Meter 1971]

Host: Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

(Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) – FW/BW

Site: Brain meninges, gill arches

Locality: TNA, Buttonwood Canal, Everglades

National Park, Florida, USA

Plasmodia: 2.4 length x 11.5 width mm; FC

spherical to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 14.1 (14–15), SW 11.0

(10–11), TS 9.0 (8–10), PCL 4.7 (4–5), PCW 3.2

(3–4), PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24109)

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus colossomati Molnár & Békési, 1993

Host: Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiforme: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills, liver, muscles

Locality: Curu River, Pentecoste, Ceará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5–2 mm

Spore measurements: SL 11.8 (11.4–12.2), SW

6.9 (6.6–7.2), TS 3.7 (3.5–4.0), PCL 6.0 (5.8–6.6),

PCW 2.1 (1.8–2.5), PC =, NC 7–8

Reference: Molnár & Békési (1993)

Myxobolus chondrophilus Nemeczek, 1926

Host: Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847

(Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) – MAR

Site: Gills

Locality: WTSA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.125 x 1 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 6, SW 4.5, TS 3.5, PCL

3, PC =

Reference: Nemeczek (1926)

Myxobolus cognati Cone, Stickel, Eck &

Muzzall, 1996

Host: Cottus cognatus Richardson, 1836

(Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) – FW

Myxozoa in the Americas

Site: Operculum

Locality: Lake Michigan, Michigan,USA

Plasmodia: 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; FC round to

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 13.3 (12–14), SW 10

(9.5–10.5), TS 8.5 (8.0–9.0), PCL 6.6 (5.5–7.5),

PCW 3, PC =, NC 8–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 85336)

Reference: Cone et al. (1996)

Myxobolus commersonii Landsberg & Lom,

1991

[Syn. Myxosoma commersonii Fantham, Porter

& Richardson, 1939]

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Stoke River, Quebec, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–16.5, SW 7–11.4,

PCL 7.7, PCW 3.2, PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus compressus Kudo, 1934

Host: Notropis blennius (Girard, 1856)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: integument

Locality: Rock River, Beloit, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.3–0.6 mm; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 12–14, SW 7–10, TS

7–7.5, PCL 5, PCW 2.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus congesticus Kudo, 1934

Host: Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Fins

Locality: Fox River, Dundee, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.3–1 mm; FC spherical to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 9–10, SW 8.5–9.5, TS

6, PCL 5.6, PCW 2.5–3.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus conspicus Kudo, 1929

Host: Moxostoma breviceps (Cope, 1870)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Head integument

Locality: Rock River, Rockford, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–4 mm; FC circular to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 9–11.5, SW 6.5–8, TS

4.5–5.5, PCL 5–7, PCW 2–2.5, PC =, NC ~10

Reference: Kudo (1929)

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Myxobolus cordeiroi Adriano, Arana, Alves,

Silva, Ceccarelli, Henrique-Silva & Maia 2009

Host: Zungaro jahu (IIhering, 1898)

(Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gill arch, skin, serosa, urinary bladder, eye

Locality: Miranda and Aquidauna Rivers,

Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.3–2.0 mm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL (10.9±0.4)–(11.3±0.3)

SW (7.1±0.2)–(7.5±0.3), TS (5.3±0.3)–(5.6±0.1),

P C L ( 5 . 2 ± 0 . 3 ) – ( 5 . 4 ± 0 . 2 ) , P C W

(1.4±0.1)–(1.5±0.3), PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 24)

GenBank: 18S (No. Fj827757)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2009)

Myxobolus corneus Cone, Horner & Hoffman,

1990

Host: Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Farm pond (39°05'N, 89°45'W),

Macoupin County, Illinois, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.4 (8.0–10.5), SW 8.0

(6.5–9.0), PCL 5.3 (4.0–5.5), PCW 2.4 (2.5–3.0),

PC =, NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 80994 and

H 81-25)

Reference: Cone et al. (1990)

Myxobolus couesii Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: C o u e sius p lumbeu s (Aga s s i z )

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Missisquoi County, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.8 mm

Spore measurements: SL 10.4–13.2, SW 7.7–9.4,

PCL 4.1–5.5, PCW 1.4–3.2, PC =

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus cuneatus Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma cuneatus Bond, 1939]

Host: Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824

(Esociformes: Esocidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Chautauqua Lake, New York, USA

Plasmodia: 2–3 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10 (9–10), SW 6 (5–7),

TS 4.5, PCL 4–6, PCW 1.5–3, PC =, NC 9–10

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Poblete Vidal et al.

Myxobolus cuneus Adriano, Arana & Cordeiro,

2006

Host: Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder, urinary bladder, gills, spleen,

fins, head surface, liver, heart.

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River, Pirassununga, São

Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.02–2.10 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10.0±0.6, SW 5.1±0.3,

PCL 5.7±03, PCW 1.7±0.2, PC =, NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 18 and 19)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2006)

Myxobolus cunhai Penido 1927

Host: S yn odo nt is c lar ia s (L inn ae us)

(Siluriformes: Mochokidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Paraguay River, Porto Esperança, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 9–11, SW 4–6

Reference: Penido (1927)

Myxobolus curimatae Zatti, Naldoni, Silva,

Maia & Adriano, 2015

Host: Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes, 1850

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: São Francisco River (17°12'75''S,

44°50'95''W), Pirapora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Plasmodia: 5 mm; FC elongated

Spore measurements: SL 13.2±0.9 (12–14.7),

SW 9.7±1 (7–10.8), PCL 5.2±0.5 (4.1–5.8), PCW

2.5±0.5 (1.7–3.9), PC =, NC 9–10

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX42)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kp120979)

Reference: Zatti et al. (2015)

Myxobolus. dechtiari Cone & Anderson, 1977

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario,

Canada

Plasmodia: 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter; FC

elongated

Spore measurements: SL 11.5 (10–14), SW 8

(7–9), TS 7.5 (7–8), PCL 5 (4–6), PCW 2.5 (2–3),

PC =, NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24493)

Reference: Cone & Anderson (1977)

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463

Myxobolus dentium Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824

(Esociformes: Esocidae) – FW

Site: Palate

Locality: Lake St. Louis, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 7.5 mm

Spore measurements: SL 11.8–14.5, SW 5.5–7.3,

PCL 4.5–7.3, PCW 1.3–3.2, PC =

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus desaequalis Azevedo, Carral &

Matos, 2002

Host: Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Teleostei: Apteronotidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: Amazon River (00°45'21''S,

48°30'54''W), Marajo Island, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.8 mm; FC spherical to

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 18.3 (17.6–19.1), SW

11.2 (10.6–11.9), TS 4.4 (4.0–5.0), PCL 11.2

(10.7–11.9), PCW 4.9 (4.5–5.2), PC ≠, NC 11–12

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1007023)

Note: The smaller polar capsules are 4.6 (4.1–4.8)

length x 2.8 (2.5–3.1) width and the polar filament

forms 4–5 coils.

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2002)

Myxobolus diaphanous Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma diaphanous Fantham, Porter

& Richardson, 1939]

Host: Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur, 1817)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – FW

Site: Testis

Locality: Salmon River, Guysborough County,

Nova Scotia, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 15.5–20, SW 5.2–7.6,

PCL 7.4–9.6, PCW 1.5–2.2, PC ≠, NC 11–15

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus discrepans Kudo, 1919

Host: Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: Salt Lake, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1 mm; FC round to elongate

Spore measurements: SL 11.4–13.5, SW 9.5–11,

TS 8.5–9.5, PCL 5.5–6, PCW 3.5–4, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Myxobolus ellipticoides Landsberg & Lom, 1991

Myxozoa in the Americas

[Syn. Myxosoma ellipticoides Fantham, Porter

& Richardson, 1939]

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Coaticook River, Hatley, Quebec,

Canada

Plasmodia: 5–8 mm

Spore measurements: SL 11.4–14.1, SW 6.8–8.2,

PCL 4.5–5.9, PCW 1.8–3.2, NC 5–8

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus endovasus Grinham & Cone, 1990

[Syn. Myxosoma endivasa Davis, 1947]

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Mississippi River, Fairport, Illinois,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 9, SW 8, PCL 5, PCW

3.3, PC =

Reference: Grinham & Cone (1990)

Myxobolus enoblei Lom & Cone 1996

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Small creek near Allenvile, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1.5 length x 0.3 width mm; FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 14.4 (13.5–15.0), SW

11 (10.5–11.5), TS 7.5, PCL 8.3 (7.9–8.5), PCW

4.8 (4.5–5), PC =, NC 6–7

Reference: Lom & Cone (1996)

Myxobolus eucalii Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma eucalli Guilford, 1965]

Host: Culaea inconstans (Kirtland, 1840)

(Gasterosteiformes: Gasterosteifae) – FW

Site: Cranium, pectoral fins

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Michigan,

USA

Plasmodia: 200 µm, FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 14.4 (12.0–15.6), SW

9.9 (8.4–10.8), TS 6.9 (6.0–7.2), PCL 11.1

(9.6–12.0), PCW 3.7 (3.0–4.8), PC =, NC 9–11

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus fanthami Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxobolus grandis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939]

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

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(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Body cavity

Locality: Salmon River, Nova Scotia, Canada

Plasmodia: 8 length x 5 width

Spore measurements: SL 13.2–17.3, SW

9.5–10.9, PCL 4.5–6.4, PCW 2.3–3.6

Note: Fantham, Porter & Richardson (1939)

named Myxobolus grandis. Since this name was

already preoccupied by M. grandis Kudo, 1934, it

was reassigned as M. fanthami.

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus filamentum Naldoni, Zatti,

Capodifoglio, Milanin, Maia, Silva & Adriano,

2015

Host: Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: São Francisco River (17°12'8.26''S;

44°50'0.45''W), Pirapora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Plasmodia: 5 mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–9.7 (9.0±0.3) SW

5.2–7.3 (6.2±0.4), TS 4.8–5.7 (5.3±0.3), PCL

3.8–5.5 (4.7±0.3), PCW 1.3–2.2 (1.7±0.1), PC =,

NC 10–11

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 46)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kj849240)

Reference: Naldoni et al. (2015)

Myxobolus filamentus Grinham & Cone, 1990

[Syn. Myxosoma okobojiensis, Rice & Jahn,

1943]

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Okoboji Lake, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 0.17–0.20 mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 13.1, SW 16.3, PCL

7.8, PCW 6.2, PC =, NC 14–16

Reference: Grinham & Cone (1990)

Myxobolus flavus Carriero, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix &

Agassiz, 1829) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Pantanal National Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''W), Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1 – 5 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 9.2±0.2, SW 6.5±0.3,

TS 4.2±0.2, PCL 4.5±0.2, PCW 1.6±0.1, PC =,

NC 4–5

Poblete Vidal et al.

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 39)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf296347)

Reference: Carriero et a (2013)

Myxobolus franciscoi Eiras, Monteiro & Brasil-

Sato 2010

Host: Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz, 1829

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Fin connective tissue

Locality: São Francisco river (18º12'59”S,

45º15'41”W), Três Marias, Minas Gerais, Beazil

Plasmodia: 1 length x 1 width mm; FC elongate

Spore measurements: SL 6.0–6.9, SW 5.8–6.4,

TS 3.2, PCL 2, PCW 1.5, PC =, NC 3

Specimens in Collection: MZUSP (No. 95167)

Reference: Eiras et al. (2010)

Myxobolus fryeri Ferguson, Atkinson, Whipps

& Kent, 2008

Host: Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

(Samoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Nerve cells in muscles

Locality: Mill Creek of Siletz River (44°44'44.89''

N, 123°47'35.72'' W), Lincoln County, Oregon,

USA

Plasmodia: 35 length x 25 width µm; FC elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 12.9±0.8, SW 8.6±0.7,

TS 7.2±0.4, PCL 7.1±0.6, PCW 3.0±0.3, PC ≠,

NC 8–10

Specimens in Collection: PCQM (No.

G465048–G465050)

GenBank: 18S (No. EU346370– Eu346372)

Note: Also found in Oncorhynchus clarkii

(Richardson) and Oncorhynchus mykiss

(Walbaum, 1792)

Reference: Ferguson et al. (2008)

Myxobolus galaxii Szidat, 1953

Host: Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

(Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) – FW

Site: All organs except gills

Locality: La Planta River, Argentina

Spore measurements: SL 13–15, SW 8.8–10, PC

Reference: Szidat (1953)

Myxobolus gibbosus Herrick, 1941

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Lake Erie, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 0.75 mm

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

465

Spore measurements: SL 11.9 (10.6–12.3), SW

10.9 (9.8–12.3), TS 7.1 (6.5–8.2), PCL 6.5

(5.7–7.4), PCW 3.3–4.1, PC =, NC 8–12

Reference: Herrick (1941)

Myxobolus globosus Gurley 1893

Host: Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniforme: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Fox River, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm; FC round or elongate

Spore measurements: SL 7–8, SW 6, TS 5

Reference: Gurley (1893)

Myxobolus grandis Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma grandis Kudo, 1934]

Host: Er icy mba bu cca ta Cope, 1865

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Liver

Locality: Salt Fork River, Vermilion, Illinois, USA

Spore measurements: SL 15–16, SW 9–11, TS

6.8, PCL 6.7, PCW 2.5–3, PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus gravidus Kudo, 1934

Host: Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniforme: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Integument and fins

Locality: Fox River, Carpentersville, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm

Spore measurements: SL 12–14, SW 9.5–10, TS

7, PCL 5–5.5, PCW 2.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus heckelii Azevedo, Casal, Matos,

Ferreira & Matos, 2009

Host: Centromochlus heckelii (De Filippi, 1853)

(Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Tocantins River (02°14'S, 49°30'W),

Cametá, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 250 µm, FC spherical to elliptical

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1123999)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2009)

Myxobolus heterolepis Li & Desser 1985

Host: Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann &

Eigenmann, 1893 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) –

Site: Brain, eye

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W)

Myxozoa in the Americas

and Lake Opeongo (45°42'N, 78°22'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 14 (12.5–14.5), SW 10

(8.5–10.5), TS 9, PCL 6.5 (6–8), PCW 3 (2.5–3.5),

PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0361)

Reference: Li & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus hilarii Capodifoglio, Adriano,

Milanin, Silva & Maia, 2016

Host: Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Renal tubule

Loc alit y: fi sh far m (22 °30 ' 40. 21'' S,

47°02'08.80''W), Mogi Mirim, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11.5±0.8 (9.8–13.4),

SW 11.0±0.7 (9.7–12.4), TS 7.6 ±1.0 (6.7–9.0),

PCL 6.5±0.4 (6.0–7.2), PCW 4.0 ± 0.2 (3.6–5.3),

PC =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 47)

GenBank: 18S (No. Km403404)

Reference: Capodifoglio et al. (2016)

Myxobolus hoffmani Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma hoffmani Meglitsch, 1963]

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Eyeball wall

Locality: some small streams, Dakota, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9.3 (8.6–10.8), SW 8.4

(7.8–8.9), TS 6.2 (5.9–6.5), PCL 5.0 (4.6–5.7),

PCW 2.4 (2.2–2.7), PC =, NC 10

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus hudsonis Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma hudsoni Bond, 1938]

Host: Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – MAR

Site: Between scales at base of fins

Locality: WTNA, Chesapeake Bay, Baltimore,

Maryland, USA

Plasmodia: 307 length x 260 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 11.5–12.5, SW 7, PCL

4–5, PCW 2–2.5, PC =, NC 7–9

Reference: Landsberg & Lom, 1991

Myxobolus hyborhynchi Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Bone at the posterior end of the mandible

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

466

Locality: Francoeur brook, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 400 µm

Spore measurements: SL 9.1–10.9, SW 7.3–8.6,

PCL 4.1–5.9, PCW 2.3–2.5

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus ictiobus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou,

Alberson, Woodyard, Mischke, Greenway, Wise

& Pote, 2016

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gill filaments

Locality: Catfish aquaculture pond, Washington

County, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 148 length x 122 width µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 13.9±0.4 (12.7–14.5),

SW 12.5±0.7 (10.7–13.6), TS 12.6±2.3

(10.3–14.8), PCL 6.6±0.4 (5.6–7.4), PCW 4.5±0.8

(3.7–4.9), NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1406398)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ku232371)

Reference: Rosser et al. (2016)

Myxobolus inaequus Kent & Hoffman, 1984

Host: Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes,

1836) (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) – FW

Site: Brain

Locality: Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 19.8 (15.6–22), SW 8.6

(7.8–9.3), TS 8.0 (7.7–8.5), PCL 11.8 (9.4–13),

PCW 3.6 (3.1–3.9), PC ≠

Reference: Kent & Hoffman (1984)

Myxobolus inaequalis Gurley 1893

Host: Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Siluriformes: Mochokidae) – FW

Site: Head integument

Locality: Guyana, Surinam

Spore measurements: SL 11, SW 7, PC ≠

Reference: Gurley (1893)

Myxobolus inornatus Fish, 1939

Host: Micropterus dolomieu Lacepéde,1802

(Perciforme: Centrarchiae) – FW

Site: Caudal peduncle muscles

Locality: Miles City, Montana, USA

Plasmodia: 1–7 mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 12.3, SW 8.2, TS 5.8,

PCL 5.2, PCW 2.4, PC ≠

Reference: Fish (1939)

Myxobolus insidiosus Wyatt & Pratt, 1963

Poblete Vidal et al.

Host: Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum,

1792) (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: Santiam River, Willamette River and

McKenzie River, Linn and Lane County, Oregon,

USA

Plasmodia: 674 length x 79–142 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 15 (12.8–17.3), SW

10.3 (9–11.5), TS 7.5 (6.4–9), PCL 8.8 (7–10.2),

PCW 3.3 (2.6–4.5), PC =

Reference: Wyatt & Pratt (1963)

Myxobolus insidiosus clarki Wyatt, 1979

Host: Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Muscle

Locality: Santiam River, Linn County, Oregon,

USA

Plasmodia: 47–143 length x 16–76 width µm; FC

oval to oblong

Spore measurements: SL 12.5 (11.5–13.5), SW

8.4 (7.5–9.0), TS 7.4 (7.3–8.4), PCL 8.3 (7.5–9.5),

PCW 2.9 (2.5–3.5)

Reference: Wyatt (1979)

Myxobolus insignis Eiras, Malta, Varella &

Pavanelli, 2005

Host: Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine, 1841)

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Amazon River, Manaus, Amazonas,

Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.02–0.80 mm in diameter; FC

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 14.0–15.0, SW

11.0–12.0, TS 7.0–8.0, PCL 7.0–8.0, PCW

3.0–5.0, PC =, NC 6

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 002)

Reference: Eiras et al. (2005)

Myxobolus intestinalis Kudo, 1929

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Rock River, Rockford, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1–3 mm in diameter; FC oblong

Spore measurements: SL 12–13, SW 10–12.5,

TS 8, PCL 7.5–8.5, PCW 3.5–4, PC =, NC 10–12

Reference: Kudo (1929)

Myxobolus intramusculi Easy, Johnson & Cone,

2005

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

467

Host: Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum, 1792)

(Percopciformes: Percopsidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: St Lawrence River (45°26'N, 72°44'W),

Île Dorval, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1.0 mm in diameter; FC oblong

Spore measurements: SL 9.9–15.7 (12.5±0.9),

SW 4.6–8.0 (6.2±0.6), PCL 4.0–7.9 (5.8±0.6),

PCW 1.0–2.7 (1.7±0.4), PC ≠, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.

095333.00)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ay665297)

Reference: Easy et al. (2005)

Myxobolus iowensis Otto & Jahn, 1943

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: East Okoboji, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 210 length x 338 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 12.2–12.9, SW

10.6–11.4, TS 7.6, PCL 7.6, PCW 3–3.8, PC =,

NC 8–9

Reference: Otto & Jahn (1943)

Myxobolus jahnricei Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma okobojiensis Rice & Jahn,

1943]

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: West Okoboji Lake, Dickinson County,

Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 175–200 µm in diameter; FC

spherical

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–10.5, SW 4.2–5.2,

PCL 3.0–3.8, PCW 1.3–1.9, PC =, NC 6–7

Note: The transfer of the species from Myxosoma

to Myxobolus would have resulted in the

combination “Myxobolus okobojiensis” which was

preoccupied by Myxobolus okobojiensis Otto &

Jahn, 1943. Therefore, Landsberg & Lom (1991)

proposed the name M. jahnricei

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus jollimorei Cone & Overstreet,

1998

Host: Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Bulbus arteriosus

Locality: Pascagoula River, Jackson County,

Mississippi, USA

Myxozoa in the Americas

Plasmodia: 50–300 µm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 11.0 (10.5–11.5), SW

13.8 (12–14.5), TS 7.5 (6.5–8.0), PCL 6.0

(5.5–6.0), PCW 3.8 (3.5–4.5), PC =, NC 6–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 87588)

Reference: Cone & Overstreet, 1998

Myxobolus kisutchi Yasutake & Wood, 1957

Host: Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Spinal cord

Locality: Samonberry River, Clatsop County,

Oregon, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7–8.5, SW 6.5–7, TS

3.5–3.8, PCL 3.8–5.5, PC =

Reference: Yasutake & Wood (1957)

Myxobolus kostiri Herrick, 1936

Host: Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Western Lake Erie, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 0.75–1.5 mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 9.6 (8.8–11.2), SW 7.4

(6.4–8.0), TS 5.4 (4.9–5.8), PCL 4.7 (4.1–4.9),

PCW 2.5 (2.4–3.3), PC ≠, NC 13

Reference: Herrick (1936)

Myxobolus kozloffi Wyatt, 1979

Host: Deltistes luxatus (Cope, 1879)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Williamson River, Klamath County,

Oregon, USA

Spore measurements: SL 13.5 (13.5–15.5), SW

8.6 (8.0–9.5), TS 7.2 (6.5–7.5), PCL 7.7 (7.5–8.5),

PCW 3.2 (3.0–3.5)

Reference: Wyatt (1979)

Myxobolus kudoi Guimarães & Bergamin, 1938

Host: Nemathognata sp (Siluriformes) – FW

Site: Intergument

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River, Pirassununga, São

Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.0 mm in dimeter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 8.5–8.9, SW 6.5–7.3,

PCL 3.5–4.1, PCW 1.3–2.0, PC =

Reference: Guimarães & Bergamin (1938)

Myxobolus lamellus Grinham & Cone, 1990

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

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468

Site: Gills

Locality: Sawler Lake (44°39'N, 64°4'W), Nova

Scotia, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 12.0 (9.5–13.5), SW

10.5 (9.0–12.0), TS 7.0 (5.0–8.0), PCL 6.0

(5.0–7.0), PCW 3.5 (3.0–4.5), PC =, NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1990-0006

and 0007)

Note: Additional voucher slides are in the USNPC

(No. 81049)

Reference: Grinham & Cone (1990)

Myxobolus latipinnacola Wold & Iversen, 1978

H o s t : P o e c i l i a l a t i p i n n a ( L e s u eu r )

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: canals on Virginia Key, Miami, Florida,

USA

Plasmodia: 59 µm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 13.1 (12.0–14.0), SW

8.6 (7.1–9.8), TS 6.7 (5.7–7.3), PCL 5.1 (3.9–5.9),

PCW 2.2(1.7–2.8), PC =, NC 4

Reference: Wold & Iversen (1978)

Myxobolus lepomicus Lii & Desser 1985

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder, gill, intestine, heart, muscle,

swim bladder, ureters

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35''N, 78°30''W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 14.5 (12.5–16.5), SW

9.5 (9–11.5), TS 7–7.5, PCL 5.5 (5–6.5), PCW 3.5

(3–4), PC ≠ =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984 – 0362)

Reference: Lii & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus lutzi Aragão, 1919

Host: Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – FW

Site: Testis

Locality: Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 10, SW 7, PC =

Reference: Aragão (1919)

Myxobolus macroplasmodialis Molnár,

Ranzani-Paiva, Eiras & Rodrigues, 1998

Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Free in the body

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River (21°55'35.8'' S,

47°21'57.0'' W), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

Poblete Vidal et al.

Plasmodia: 7–24 length x 3–13 width mm; FC

subspherical

Spore measurements: SL 11 (10.5–12), SW 8.5

(8–9), TS 5.2 (5–5.5), PCL 4.5 (4–5), PCW 2.8

(2–3), PC =, NC 6

Specimens in Collection: MTM (accession

number not provide)

Reference: Molnár et al. (1998)

Myxobolus maculatus Casal, Matos & Azevedo,

2002

Host: Metynnis maculatus (Kner) (Characiformes:

Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Amazon River (01°11'30'S,

47°18'54''W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 150 μm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 21.0 (9.7–23.0), SW 8.9

(7.9–9.5), TS 7.5 (7.2–7.9), PCL 12.7 (11.8–13.8),

PCW 3.2 (3.0–3.6), PC =, NC 14–15

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1002151)

Reference: Casal et al. (1996)

Myxobolus magellanicus Szidat, 1953

Host: Galaxias maculatus (Jenys, 1842)

(Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: La Plata River, Argentina

Plasmodia: 0.6 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 10–13, SW 8.1–8.8,

PCL 3 in diameter, PC =

Reference: Szidat (1953)

Myxobolus magnaspherus Cone & Anderson,

1977

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario,

Canada

Plasmodia: 0.1–0.3 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 18 (16–22), SW 20

(18–22), TS 12 (11–13), PCL 10 (9–12), PCW 6

(5–7), PC =, NC 10–12

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24494)

Reference: Cone & Anderson (1977)

Myxobolus manueli Cone & Overstreet, 1998

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Bulbus arteriosus

Locality: Lake Erie, Wheatley, Ontario, Canada

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

469

Plasmodia: 100 – 800 µm in diameter; FC

spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10.8 (10–11), SW 9.1

(8–10), TS 7.0 (6.5–7.0), PCL 5.3 (4.5–6.0), PCW

2.9 (2.5–3.0), PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 87589)

Reference: Cone & Overstreet (1998)

Myxobolus martini Salim & Desser, 2000

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Sasajewun Lake (45°35'30''N,

78°31'30''W), Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 3–4 mm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 17.9 (16.4–19.5), SW

12.1 (10.3–13.5), TS 8.4 (7.3–9.5), PCL 6.0

(5.2–6.4), PCW 3.2 (3.0–3.6), PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: CMNP (No.1999-0027)

GenBank: 18S (No. AF186836.1)

Reference: Salim & Desser (2000)

Myxobolus mauriensis Lovy & Hutcheson, 2016

Host: Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill) (Clupeiformes:

Clupeidae) – FW

Site: Cartilage of pleural ribs, mainly in ventral

part of rib

Locality: Maurice River (39°21'38.5''N,

75°01'56''W), New Jersey, USA

Plasmodia: 5 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 11.4±0.44, SW

12.1±0.44, PCL 6.1±0.48, PCW 3.9±0.26, PC =,

NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.

1254742–1254743)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ku255436)

Note: Also found in Alosa pseudoharengus

(Wilson) and in other locality: Great Egg Harbor

River (39°25'09.2''N, 74°42'52.6''W), Delaware

River (40°10'40''N, 74°44'07.5''W), New Jersey,

USA

Reference: Lovy & Hutcheson (2016)

Myxobolus medius Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma media Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939]

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

( C y p r i n i f o r m e s : C y p r i n i d a e ) – F W

Site: Body cavity

Locality: Missisquoi River, Abercom Village,

Quebec, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 11–16.8, SW 7.7–10.4,

Myxozoa in the Americas

PCL 5–8.2, PCW 1.8–3.2, PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus meglitschi Grinham & Cone 1990

[Syn.: Myxosoma rotundum Meglitsch, 1937]

Host: Carp ioi des cypr inus (Lesueur)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Embarass River, Villa Grove, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm in diameter, FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 12–14, SW 11–13, TS

7–8.5, PCL 6–7, PCW 3–4, PC =

Note: The transfer of the species from Myxosoma

to Myxobolus would have resulted in the

combination “Myxobolus rotundus”, but this was

preoccupied by Myxobolus rotundus Nemeczek,

1911. With that, Grinham & Cone (1990) proposed

the name Myxobolus meglitschi

Reference: Grinham & Cone (1990)

Myxobolus mesentericus Kudo 1919

Host: Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Mesentery, liver, spleen

Locality: Crystal Lake, Urbana, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.5 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10–11.5, SW 8.5–9.5,

TS 6.5, PCL 4.7, PCW 1.5–2, PC =

Note: Also found in the wall of the stomach,

pyloric caeca, intestine and gall-bladder

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Myxobolus metynnis Casal, Matos & Azevedo,

2006

Host: Metynnis argenteus Ahl (Characiformes:

Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Connective subcutaneous tissue of the

orbicular region

Locality: Amazon River (01°11'30''S,

47°18'54''W), Peixe Boi, Pará, Beazil

Plasmodia: 0.35 mm in diameter; FC spherical to

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 12.9–13.5, SW 7.5–8.3,

TS 3.4–4.5, PCL 5.0–5.5, PCW 3.0–3.6, PC =,

NC 8–9

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1086177)

Reference: Casal et al. (2006)

Myxobolus mexicanus Yoshino & Noble, 1973

Host: Coelorhynchus scaphopsis Gilbert

(Gadiformes: Macrouridae) – MAR

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470

Site: Kidney

Locality: WTNAP, Baja California, off Mexico

Plasmodia: 1.2–2.5 mm; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 8.7 (7.5–10), SW 6.2

(5.5–7), PCL 2.9 (2–4), PCW 1.6 (1–2), PC =

Reference: Yoshino & Noble (1973b)

Myxobolus microcystus Price & Mellen, 1980

Host: Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Crab Orchard Lake, Williamson County,

Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.3–0.75 mm; FC oval to fusiform

Spore measurements: SL 12.5 (11–14), SW 7.5

(7–10), TS 5.5 (5–7), PCL 6.5 (5–7), PCW 2.5

(2–4), PC =, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 75230)

Reference: Price & Mellen (1980)

Myxobolus micropterii Walsh, Iwanowicz,

Glenney, Iwanowicz & Blazer, 2012

Host: Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: State fish hatchery in Ohio River

drainage, Virginia, USA

Plasmodia: 0.33–0.95 (0.57±0.11) length x

0.11–0.19 (0.15±0.17) width mm; FC subcircular

Spore measurements: SL 9.1–12.2 (10.8±0.09),

SW 9.0–11.7 (10.6±0.08), TS 5.2–8.6 (6.8±0.08),

PCL 4.0–5.0, PCW 2.0–3.0, PC =, NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 104900)

GenBank: 18S (No. Jf714995)

Note: Also in M. dolomieu Lacepède

Reference: Walsh et al. (2012)

Myxobolus microthecus Landsberg & Lom,

1991

[Syn. Myxosoma microthecum Meglitsch, 1942]

Host: Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Mesenteries, peritoneum

Locality: Ohio River, Shawneetown, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 350 length x 300 width µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11.7 (10–12.5), SW

10.2 (8.3–11.4), TS 4.5 (4.3–5.2), PCL 5.5

(3.8–6.3), PCW 3.4 (1.9–3.2), PC =, NC 5–7

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus minutus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou,

Alberson, Woodyard, Mischke, Greenway, Wise

Poblete Vidal et al.

& Pote, 2016

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gill filaments

Locality: Catfish aquaculture pond, Washington

County, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 1.3 length x 0.4 width mm; FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 8.6.9±0.7 (7.4–9.6),

SW 8.8±0.7 (7.5–9.9), TS 6.7±0.3 (6.5–7.3), PCL

4.3±0.3 (3.6–4.9), PCW 3.3±0.3 (2.8–3.8), NC

5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1406399)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ku232372)

Reference: Rosser et al. (2016)

Myxobolus mississipiensis Cone & Overstreet,

1997

Host: Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Pascagoula River, Jackson County,

Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 0.3 mm in diameter, FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 17.7 (16.4–18.7), SW

5.2 (3.9–6.2), TS 5.4 (4.7–6.2), PCL 7.2 (5.5–7.8),

PCW 6.3 (5.5–7.0), PC =, NC 9–10

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 86817)

Reference: Cone & Overstreet (1997)

Myxobolus morrisonae Lom & Cone 1996

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: small creek near Allenvile, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1.5 length x 0.3 width mm, FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 10 (9.6–10.5), SW 9.5

(9.1–10.3), TS 5, PCL 5.5 (5.3–5.8), PCW 3.7

(3.4–4.0), PC =, NC 6

Reference: Lom & Cone (1996)



Myxobolus moxostomi Nigrelli, 1948

Host: Moxostoma pisolabrum Trautman & Martin,

1951 (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–4 mm, FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 7.6 (6.2–9.4), SW 7.2

(5.5–9.4), TS 3.9 (3.1–4.7), PCL 3.6 (2.3–3.9),

PCW 2.3 (1.6–3.2), PC =, NC 3–5

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

471

Reference: Nigrelli (1948)

Myxobolus mutabilis Kudo, 1934

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Rock River, Beloit, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1 mm; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–12, SW 7.5–9, TS

6–7, PCL 5–6.5, PCW 2–3.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus myleus Azevedo, Clemente, Casal,

Matos, Alves, Al-Quraishy & Matos, 2012

Host: Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller & Troschel,

1844) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gallbladder

Locality: Sapuruá Lagoon (01°24'S, 55°59'W),

Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 19.0–20.0 (19.3±0.5),

SW 7.5–9.0 (8.3±0.5), TS 3.5–4.5 (4.0±0.3), PCL

12.5–13.5 (13.2±0.4), PCW 2.5–3.5 (3.0±0.3), PC

=, NC 19–21

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 011/12)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2012)

Myxobolus neurophilus Landsberg & Lom,

1991

[Syn. Myxosoma neurophila Guilford, 1963]

Host: Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Optic tectum in midbrain

Locality: Michigan Lake, Green Bay, Michigan,

USA

Plasmodia: 950 length x 30–45 width µm; FC

spherical

Spore measurements: SL 13.9 (12–16), SW 6.2

(6–8.5), TS 4.9 (4–6), PCL 6.8 (5–8), PCW

1.4–2.4, PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus niger Mathews, Maia & Adriano,

2016

Host: Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl,

1930 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) – FW

Site: Gill

Locality: Negro River, Santa Izabel do Rio Negro,

Amazonas, Brazil

Plasmodia: 180 µm in diameter; FC round to ±0.5

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 11.3±0.4, SW 6.8±0.2,

TS PCL 5.0±0.3, PCW 2.0±0.1, PC =, 4.1 ± 0.2,

Myxozoa in the Americas

NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. Myx 52)

Reference: Mathews et al. 2016

Myxobolus nodosus Kudo, 1934

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Iintergument

Locality: Rock River, Byron, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 9–10.5, SW 8.5–9.5,

TS 7, PCL 5–6, PCW 2.5–3.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus noguchii Pinto, 1928

Host: Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner, 1858

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Turvo River, Pirangi, São Paulo, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 13.6, SW 8.5, PCL 6.8,

PCW 2.2, PC , NC

Reference: Pinto (1928)

Myxobolus notemigoni Lewis & Summerfelt,

1964

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Abdomen region

Locality: Fish obtained from a commercial

minnow farm, Paragoul, Arkansas, USA

Plasmodia: 0.9–3 mm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 11.8, SW 8.9, TS 7.5,

PCL 4.1, PCW 3.3, PC =, NC 6–8

Reference: Lewis & Summerfelt (1964)

Myxobolus notropis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Body surface

Locality: Brook south of Haseville, Yamaska

watershed, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 2 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 11.8–13.2, SW 7.3–9.5,

PCL 4.5–6.4, PCW 1.8–2.7, PC =, ≠

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus nuevoleonensis Salinas, Jiménez-

Guzmán, Galaviz-Silva & Ramiréz-Bom, 1991

Host: Poecilia mexicana, Steindachner, 1863

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – FW

Site: Fin bones

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

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Locality: La Silla River, Monterrey, Nuevo León,

México

Plasmodia: 0.1–0.6 mm; FC spherical or oval

Spore measurements: SL 12.0 (10.7–13.7), SW

7.3 (6.1–7.6), TS 6.1 (6.1–6.1), PCL 7.6 (6.1–9.1),

PCW 3.4 (3.0–4.5), PC ≠, NC 10–11

Note: also found in P. reticulata Peters

Reference: Slinas et al. (1991)

Myxobolus obliquus Kudo, 1934

Host: Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: Rock River, Beloit, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 50–1800 length x 60–250 width µm;

FC fusiform

Spore measurements: SL 8–9, SW 7–8, TS 5–6,

PCL 4.5, PCW 2, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus oblongus Gurley 1893

Host: Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Head integument

Locality: Fox River, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1 mm in diameter; FC round to

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 14–17, SW 8.5, TS 5–6

Reference: Gurley (1893)

Myxobolus okobojiensis Otto & Jahn, 1943

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Cantrarchidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Little Miller's Bay, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5 length x 0.5 width; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 11.7, SW 10.2–11.7,

PCL 5.8, PC =, NC 8

Reference: Otto & Jahn (1943)

Myxobolus oliveirai Milanin, Eiras, Arana,

Maia, Alves, Silva, Carriero, Ceccarelli &

Adriano, 2010

Host: Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Aquidauana River, Cuiabá River,

Miranda River and Paraguay River, Pantanal, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 3 mm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 11.2±0.4, SW 7.4±0.5,

TS 4.6±0.6, PCL 5.6±0.2, PCW 2.3±0.2, PC =,

Poblete Vidal et al.

NC 6–8

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No.: 28)

GenBank: 18S (No. Hm754633)

Reference: Milanin et al. (2010)

Myxobolus orbiculatus Kudo 1919

Host: Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz) (Cypriniformes:

Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: Stone Creeck, USA

Spore measurements: SL 9–10, SW 9–10, TS

6.5–7, PCL 6–7.5, PCW 2.5–3, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1919)

Myxobolus orbitalis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Missisquoi River, Quebec, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 13.3–17.5, SW 8.0–12,

PCL 4.1–6.4, PCW 1.8–3

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus osburni Herrick, 1936

Host: Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Mesenteries, peritoneum

Locality: Western Lake Erie, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.5 mm; FC oval and round

Spore measurements: SL 10.1 (9.6–11.2), SW

11.7 (9.6–12.8), TS 6.8 (6.4–8.0), PCL 4.8–5.6,

PC =, NC 6–7

Note: Also found in Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus,

1758)

Reference: Herrick (1936)

Myxobolus ovalis (Davis, 1923)

[Syns. Lentospora ovalis Davis, 1923; Myxosoma

ovalis (Davis) Kudo, 1933]

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: U.S. Fisheries Biological Station,

Fairport, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–0.9 mm in diameter; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 15–17, SW 15, TS 11,

PCL 8–9, PCW 6, PC =, NC 5–6

Reference: Grinham & Cone, 1990

Myxobolus ovatus Kudo, 1934

Host: Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque, 1818)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

473

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Rock River, Rockford, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1.5–1length x 1–2 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 1.5–13.0, SW 9–10, TS

7, PCL 5.5–6.5, PCW 2.5–3, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus pantanalis Carriero, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Pantanal Natinal Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''W), Poconé, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.20–1.20 mm in length; FC round to

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 9.3±0.4, SW 6.5±0.4,

PCL 4.2±0.5, PCW 2.0±0.1, PC =, NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 38)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf296349)

Reference: Carriero et al. (2013)

Myxobolus paralintoni Li & Desser 1985

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus,1758)

(Perciforme: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Heart

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 11 (9.5–11.5), SW 10

(9–11.5), TS 6.5–7.5, PCL 4–4.5, PCW 2–2.5, PC

=, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984–0364)

Reference: Lii & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus parallelipticoides Landsberg & Lom,

1991

[Syn. Myxosoma parallelipticoides Fantham,

Porter & Richardson, 1939]

Host: Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope, 1867)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Visceral cavity

Locality: Ulverton River, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 10 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 11.4–16.4, SW 7.3–10,

PCL 4.1–5.5, PCW 2.3–3.2

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus peculiaris Martins & Onaka, 2006

Host: Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner, 1881)

(Characiformes: Curimatidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Myxozoa in the Americas

Locality: Rio do Peixe Reservoir, São José do Rio

Ppardo, São Paulo, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 23.0–23.2, SW

14.4–15.2, PCL 10.5–10.9, PCW 4.0–4.8, PC =,

NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: CHIOC (No. 34987)

Reference: Martins & Onaka (2006)

Myxobolus pendula Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syns. Myxosoma pendula Guilford, 1967b;

Myxobolus pellicides, Lii & Desser 1985]

Host: Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: gills

Locality: Kewaunee River, Kewaunee, Wisconsin,

USA

Plasmodia: 1–1.5 mm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 15.3 (13.2-16.5), SW

10.4 (8.8-12.1), TS 7.8 (6.6-8.8), PCL 6.8 (6-7.7),

PCW 3.4 (3.3-4.4, PC =, NC 6–7

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991),

Myxobolus percae Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: St Lawrence River, Ford Village,

Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1–1.55 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 7.3–10.4, SW 10.4

(8.8–12.1), TS 7.8 (6.6–8.8), PCL 6.8 (6–7.7),

PCW 3.4 (3.3–4.4), PC =, NC 6–7

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus petenensis Frey, Cone & Duobinis-

Gray 1998

Host: Dorosoma petenense (Günther, 1867)

(Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) – FW

Site: Circumorbital integument cartilage

Locality: Kentucky Lake (36°45'N, 88°08'W),

Calloway County, Kentucky, USA

Plasmodia: 0.1–1.6 mm in diameter; FC oval to

round

Spore measurements: SL 11.8 (10.1–13.1), SW

13.8 (12–15.8), TS 0.8 (0.7–0.9), PCL 7.1

(6.0–8.0), PCW 5.3 (4.8–5.7), PC ≠, NC 8–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No.

47831–47835)

Note: The smaller polar capsules are 6.3 (5.7–7.4)

in length and 4.8 (4.2–5.5) in width

Reference: Frey et al. (1998)

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474

Myxobolus pfrille Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma pfrille Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939]

Host: Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope, 1867)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Body-cavity

Locality: Ulverton River, Nova Scotia, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 12.7–19.1, SW

7.7–11.4, PCL 4.5–6.4, PCW 1.8–3.2

Reference: Landsberg & Lom, 1991

Myxobolus pharyngeus Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma pharyngeus Parker, 1971]

Host: Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) – FW

Site: Pharyngeal epithelium

Locality: Stillwater Creek, Payne County,

Oklahoma, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.5 mm; FC variable

Spore measurements: SL 16.5 (15.0–17.0), SW

5.9 (5.0–6.5), TS 5.0 (4.2–5.5), PCL 7.2 (6.8–8.0),

PCW 1.9 (1.5–2.0), PC ≠, NC 8–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 71669)

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus piraputangae Carriero, Adriano,

Silva, Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Pantanal National Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''W), Poconé, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.50–1.00 mm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 10.1±0.5, SW 8.7±0.5,

TS 6.7±0.3, PCL 5.2±0.4, PCW 3.0±0.3, PC =,

NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 36)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf296351)

Reference: Carriero et al. (2013)

Myxobolus platanus Eiras, Abreu & Pereira

Júnior, 2007

H o s t : M u g i l p l a t a n u s Va l e nc i e n n es

(Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) – FW/BW

Site: Spleen

Locality: Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.05–0.10 in diameter; FC oval

Spore measurements: SL 10.0–11.0, SW

10.0–11.0, TS 5, PCL 7.0–8.0, PCW 3.5–4.0, PC

= , NC 5–6

Reference: Eiras et al. (2007)

Poblete Vidal et al.

Myxobolus pleuronectidae Hahn, 1917

Host: Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum,

1792) (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) –

MAR

Site: Integument

Locality: WTNA, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA

Spore measurements: SL 14.8, SW 11.9, PCL 6,

PCW 3.7, PC =

Reference: Hahn (1917)

Myxobolus poecilichthidis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Etheostoma exile (Girard, 1859)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Fatty tissue

Locality: Black lake, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.5 mm

Spore measurements: SL 12.3–15.4, SW 4.5–6.8,

PCL 5–7.3, PCW 0.9–2.3

Note: Many spores are 5.5–6.4 wide and the polar

capsules are sometimes unequal.

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus porofilus Adriano, Arana, Ceccarelli

& Cordeiro, 2002

Host: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Body cavity

Locality: Mogi Guaçú River (21°55'35.8"S

47°21'57.0"W), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 3–5 mm in length; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 5.7, SW 4.8, PCL 1.6,

PCW 1.1, PC =, NC 3

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 04 and 05)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2002)

Myxobolus pratti Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Facieplatycauda pratti Wyatt, 1979]

Host: Deltistes luxatus (Cope, 1879)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Williamson River, Chiloquin, Oregon,

USA

Spore measurements: SL 18.2 (17.0–20.5), SW

12.6(11.0–14.0), TS 7.9 (7.5–8.5), PCL 6.6

(5.5–7.5), PCW 3.2 (2.5–3.5), PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus procerus Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma procerus Kudo 1934]

Host: Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum, 1792)

(Percopsiformes: Percopsidae)– FW

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475

Site: Integument, caudal fin

Locality: Illinois River, Quiver Lake, Meredosia,

Havana, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter; FC spherical

to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 15–17, SW 6.5–7, TS

5–6, PCL 7–9, PCW 1.5–2, PC =, NC

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus prochilodus Eiras, Zhang & Molnár,

2014

[Syn. Myxobolus lomi Azevedo, Vieira, Vieira,

Silva, Matos & Abdallah, 2014]

Host: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Peixes River (48º06'38''W; 22º

49'53.1''S), Anhembi, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 250–300 µm in diameter; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 11.8–15.8 (14.2±1.4)

SW 8.7–12.5 (11.1±1.5), PCL 5.2–7.9 (6.4±0.9),

PCW 2.3–4.0 (3.1±0.7), PC ≠, NC 8–11

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 017 and 018)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf677014)

Note: The name proposed by Azevedo et al. (2014)

was a homonym of Myxobolus lomi Donec &

Kulalovskaya in Shulman, 1962. To resolve this,

Eiras et al. (2014) proposed M. prochilodus, to

replace the preoccupied name

Reference: Eiras et al. 2014

Myxobolus pseudokoi Li & Desser 1985

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills, skin

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W)

and Lake Opeongo (45°42'N, 78°22'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 80–120 length x 500–800 width µm,

FC round to ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 13.5 (11.5–14), SW 6.5

(6–7), TS 5, PCL 6.5 (6–7.5), PCW 2.5 (2–3), PC

=, NC 6–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0365)

Reference: Lii & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus pygocentrus Penido 1927

Host: Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier, 1819)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Paraguay River, Porto Esperança, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 15–16, SW 9–11, PCL

Myxozoa in the Americas

9–11, PCW 3–4, PC =

Reference: Penido (1927)

Myxobolus rhinichthidis Landsberg & Lom,

1991

[Syn. Myxosoma rhinichthidis Fantham, Porter

& Richardson, 1939]

Host: Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann, 1804)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: St Lawrence River, Ford Village,

Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 2 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 8.6–11.8, SW 5.9–8.2,

PCL 3.6–5.5, PCW 1.8–2.7

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus ridouti Easy & Cone, 2009

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscle

Locality: Brewer Lake (45°35'N, 78°19'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: up to 0.30 mm; FC oblong

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–10.5 (9.9±0.3), SW

9.4–10.9 (10.1±0.4), TS 6.7–6.8 (6.7±0.01), PCL

4.6–5.6 (5.2±0.3), PCW 2.6–3.6 (3.0±0.3), PC =,

NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 102126)

GenBank: 18S (No. Gq292745)

Reference: Easy & Cone (2009)

Myxobolus ridwayi Easy & Cone, 2009

Host: Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill, 1818)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscle

Locality: Brewer Lake (45°35'N, 78°19'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: Up to 0.30 mm; FC oblong

Spore measurements: SL 10.0–12.1 (11.3±0.5),

SW 9.5–10.5 (10.4±0.3), TS 6.6–6.7 (6.5±0.01),

PCL 4.6–5.6 (5.2±0.3), PCW 2.6–3.6 (3.0±0.3),

PC =, NC

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 102127)

GenBank: 18S (No. Gq292746)

Reference: Easy & Cone (2009)

Myxobolus robustus Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma robustus Kudo, 1934]

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

476

Locality: Rock River, Newbury, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1.3 mm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 14–16, SW 10–11, TS

7–8, PCL 6.5–7, PCW 2.5, PC =

Reference: Landsberg & Lom, 1991

Myxobolus salminus Adriano, Arana, Carriero,

Naldoni, Ceccarelli & Maia, 2009

Host: Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FWSite: Gills

Locality: Pantanal National Park, Mato Grosso do

Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.10 mm; FC oval to round

Spore measurements: SL 9.6–10.5 (10.1±0.4),

SW 5.8–6.6 (6.1±0.4), TS 4.7–5.3 (5.0±0.6), PCL

4.3–4.8 (4.6±0.2), PCW 1.5–1.9 (1.7±0.1), PC =,

NC 7–8

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. 25)

Reference: Adriano et al. (2009)

Myxobolus schuberti Li & Desser 1985

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Brain, kidney, muscle, nares, spleen

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 11.5 (8.5–12.5), SW 8.5

(7.5–10), TS 6.5, PCL 4.5 (3.5–5.5), PCW 2.5

(2–3), PC =, NC 5

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0363)

Reference: Li & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus sciades Azevedo, Casal, Mendonça,

Carvalho, Matos & Matos, 2010

Host: Sciades herzbergii (Bloch, 1794)

(Siluriformes: Ariidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Poti River (05º05'S, 42º48'W), Teresina,

Piauí, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.06 mm; FC spherical to elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 9.2±0.39, SW

4.3±0.23, TS 4.3±0.23, PCL 4.4±0.41, PCW

1.4±0.42, PC =, NC 9–10

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1134556)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2010)

Myxobolus scleroperca Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma scleroperca Guilford, 1963b]

Host: Perca flavescens (Micthill, 1814)

(Perciformes: Percidae) – FW

Site: Eye

Locality: Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Michigan,

Poblete Vidal et al.

USA

Plasmodia: 5 mm in diameter; FC spherical to

irregular

Spore measurements: SL 16.4 (10–19.2), SW 8.7

(7.2–9.6), TS 7.1 (7.2–13), PCL 9.5 (7.2–12.6),

PCW 2.4–3.6, PC ≠, NC 6–9

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus serrasalmi Walliker, 1969

Host: Serrasalmus rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) – FW

Site: Spleen, kidneys, liver

Locality: Negro River, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Spore measurements: SL 14.8 (12.5–18.0), SW

8.6 (7.0–10.0), PCL 7.7 (6–9), PCW 3.1 (2.5–4),

PC =

Reference: Walliker (1969)

Myxobolus siddalli Salim & Desser 2000

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'30"N,

78°31'30"W) and Kathlyn Lake (45°35'50"N,

78°32'00"W), Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.25 mm; FC subspherical

Spore measurements: SL 10.3 (9.3–11.2), SW 8.9

(8.2–9.7), TS 6.3 (5.4–7.1), PCL 5.4 (4.1–6.2),

PCW 3.1 (2.9–3.5), PC =, NC 5–7

GenBank: 18S (No. AF186840.1)

Reference: Salim & Desser (2000)

Myxobolus smith Salim & Desser 2000

Host: Chrosomus eos Cope, 1861 (Cypriniformes:

Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Kidney

Locality: Kathlyn Lake (45°35'50"N,

78°32'00"W), Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Plasmodia: 0.25 mm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 10.6 (9.9–11.4), SW 8.8

(8.3–9.3), TS 6.2 (5.4–6.7), PCL 4.5 (4.1–5.1),

PCW 2.9 (2.2–3.1), PC =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1999-0026)

GenBank: 18S (No. AF186841.1)

Reference: Salim & Desser (2000)

Myxobolus spalli Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma spalli Spall, 1974]

Host: Cyprinella lutrensis (Baird & Girard, 1853)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Stillwater Creek, Payne County,

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

477

Oklahoma, USA

Spore measurements: SL 14.4 (14.0–15.0), SW

8.0 (7.5–8.3), TS 7.5 (7.1–8.0), PCL 7.1 (6.7–7.5),

PCW 3.0 (2.8–3.0), PC =, NC 9

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus sparoides Otto & Jahn, 1943

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Intestine

Locality: Little Miller's Bay, Iowa, USA

Plasmodia: 0.2 mm in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 11.7–12.4, SW 8.8–9.3,

TS 8.5, PCL 4.4–5.4, PC =, NC 9–10

Reference: Otto & Jahn (1943)

Myxobolus squamosus Kudo,1934

Host: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Sangamon River, Dewey, Illinois, USA

Spore measurements: SL 8–9, SW 8.6 (7.7–9.9),

TS 6.7 (5.6–7.7), PCL 4.4 (3.9–5.1), PCW 3.1

(2.6–3.9), PC =, NC 4

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus stanlii Iwanowicz, Iwanowicz,

Howerth, Schill, Blazer & Johnson, 2013

Host: Campostoma oligolepis Hubbs & Greene,

1935 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Connective tissue and muscle

Locality: Birmingham, Alabama and South

Branch of the Potomac River, West Virginia, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7.5–11.0 (10.3±0.7)

SW 6.3–11.3 (8.8±1.5), TS 6.2–8.6 (6.3±2.7), PCL

4.5–6.9 (4.6±2.7), PCW 2.1–4.3 (2.4±1.5), PC =,

NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 98811)

GenBank: 18S (No. DQ779995, Alabama isolates

and DQ779996, West Virginia isolates)

Reference: Iwanowicz et al. (2013)

Myxobolus stokesi Pinto, 1928

Host: Pimelodus sp. (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) –

Site: Subcutaneous tissue of snout

Locality: Turvo River, Pirangi, São Paulo, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 8.5, SW 5.3, PCL 3.1,

PCW 1.7

Reference: Pinto (1928)

Myxozoa in the Americas

Myxobolus subcircularis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803)

(Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Ventral muscles of pelvic fins

Locality: Francoeur Brook, tributary of the Nicolet

River, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1.5 length x 0.5 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 9.1–11.8, SW 8.2–10,

PCL 3.2–5, PCW 1.8–3

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus subtecalis Landsberg & Lom, 1991

[Syn. Myxosoma subtecali Bond, 1938]

Host: Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – MAR

Site: Fins

Locality: WTNA, Chesapeake Bay, Baltimore,

Maryland, USA

Plasmodia: 50–300 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 15–18, SW 6.5–8, TS 6,

PCL 7–8, PCW 2, PC ≠, NC 11–12

Reference: Landsberg & Lom (1991)

Myxobolus symmetricus Rice & Jahn, 1943

Host: Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Little Miller's Bay, Iowa, USA

Spore measurements: SL 10, SW 9.3 PCL 3.1,

PCW 2.3, NC 12–14

Reference: Rice & Jahn (1943)

Myxobolus teres Kudo, 1934

Host: Cyprinella whipplei Girard, 1856

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Fins

Locality: Rock River, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 0.7–1.75 mm in diameter; FC

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 9.5–11.5, SW 9–10.5,

TS 5–6, PCL 6, PCW 3, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus testicularis Tajdari, Matos,

Mendonça & Azevedo, 2005

Host: Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858

(Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) – FW

Site: Testis

Locality: Poty River (05º05´21”S, 42º48´07”W),

Teresina, Piauí, Brazil

Plasmodia: up to 0.50 in diameter; FC spherical to

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

478

elliptical

Spore measurements: SL 8.2–9.1, SW 6.7–7.5,

TS 2.4–3.0, PCL 3.3–3.8, PCW 1.3–2.0, PC =,

NC 5–6

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1076956)

Reference: Tajdari et al. (2005)

Myxobolus transovalis Gurley 1893

Host: Clinostomus funduloides Girard, 1856

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Under scales

Locality: Potomac River, Delaware, USA

Spore measurements: SL 6–7, SW 8, PC =

Reference: Gurley (1893)

Myxobolus transversalis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscles of penducle

Locality: Riviere des Rosieres, Quebec, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 7.7–1.0, SW 9.1–10.5,

PCL 4.1–5, PCW 2.3–3.2, NC

Reference: Fantham et al. (1939)

Myxobolus umidus Carriero, Adriano, Silva,

Ceccarelli & Maia, 2013

Host: Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)

(Characiformes: Bryconidae) – FW

Site: Spleen

Locality: Pantanal National Park (17°50'48''S,

57°24'14''W), Poconé, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Plasmodia: 0.40–0.80 in diameter; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 13.5±0.7, SW 7.8±0.4,

TS 7.7±0.1, PCL 5.1±0.4, PCW 2.7±0.3, PC =,

NC 4–5

Specimens in Collection: ZUEC (No. MYX 37)

GenBank: 18S (No. Kf296350)

Reference: Carriero et al. (2013)

Myxobolus uvuliferis Cone & Anderson, 1977

[Syns. Myxobolus gibbosus, Li & Desser, 1985;

Myxobolus lii Desser, 1993]

Host: Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Perciformes: Centrarchidae) – FW

Site: Skin

Locality: Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario,

Canada

Spore measurements: SL 9 (7–12), SW 11.5

(10–13), TS 6.5 (6–7), PCL 4.5 (3–5), PCW 2.5

(2–3), PC =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24492)

Poblete Vidal et al.

Reference: Cone & Raesly (1995)

Myxobolus vastus Kudo, 1934

Host: Moxostoma pisolabrum Trautman & Martin,

1951 (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) – FW

Site: Integument

Locality: Fox River, Dundee, Illinois, Brazil

Plasmodia: 2.5 length x 3.8 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 9–10.5, SW 7.5–8, TS

4.5–5.5, PCL 4.5–5.5, PCW 1.5–2.5, PC =

Reference: Kudo (1934)

Myxobolus wellerae Li & Desser 1985

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Muscles

Locality: Lake Sasajewun (45°35'N, 78°30'W),

Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 15 (12.5–16.5), SW 10

(9.5–11.5), TS 6.5–7, PCL 6 (5.5–6.5), PCW 3.5

(3–4), PC =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984-0358)

Reference: Li & Desser (1985)

Myxobolus xiaoi Salim & Desser 2000

Host: Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill, 1817)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Cartilage of gill arch

Locality: Lake Sasajewun, Kathlyn Lake (45°35'

30" N,. 78° 31' 30" W) and Broad Wing Lake

(45°35' 50" N, 78°32' 00" W), Algonquin Park,

Ontario, Canadao

Plasmodia: FC oval to irregular

Spore measurements: SL 11.0 (9.8–12.2), SW 8.5

(8.1–9.2), TS 6.0 (5.2–6.9), PCL 4.8 (4.2–5.4),

PCW 2.8 (2.1–3.1), PC =, NC 5–7

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1999-0029)

GenBank: 18S (No. AF186843.1)

Note: Also found in Notemigonus crysoleucas

(Mitchill) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Reference: Salim & Desser (2000)

Genus Tetrauronema Wu, Wang & Jiang, 1988

Tetrauronema desaequalis Azevedo & Matos,

1996

Host: Hoplias malabaricus (Boch, 1794)

(Characiformes: Erythrinidae) – FW

Site: Connective tissue at bases of the ventral fins

Locality: Estuarine region of the Amazon River

(01°11'30"S, 47°18'54"W), Belém, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 1–2 mm in diameter; FC oval to

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

479

ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 13.6 (12.5–13.9), SW

6.5 (6.0–6.7), TS 3.7 (3.1–4.1), PCL 7.0 (6.8–7.4),

PCW 2.6, PC =, NC 9–11

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 47812)

Notes: The spore contained 4 unequal projections,

longest projections 13.0 (12.0–14.1); smallest 5.1

(4.8–5.7). The others were 12.2 (10.0–12.4) and

7.2 (6.6–8.7) long.

Reference: Azevedo & Matos (1996b)

Genus Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933

Thelohanellus notatus Kudo, 1933

[Syn. Myxobolus notatus Mavor, 1916]

Host: Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Connective tissue of the integument

Locality: Rock River, Sterling, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 2 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 14–17, SW 7–8, TS

5.5–6.5, PCL 6–7, PCW 3

Reference: Kudo (1933)

Thelohanellus toyamai Griffin & Goodwin, 2011

[Syn. Myxobolus toyamai Kudo, 1915]

Host: Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Fish cultured, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 200 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 16.2 (14.7–16.8), SW

5.6 (4.6–6), PCL 6.4 (5.8–7.2), PCW 4.2

(3.4–4.6), PC ≠, NC 8

GenBank: 18S (No. HQ338729.1)

Reference: Griffin & Goodwin (2011)

Thelohanellus oviformis Lom, Desser &

Dyková, 1989

Host: Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill, 1814)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Eye and muscle

Locality: Lake Sasajewun & Lake Opeongo,

Ontario, Canada

Spore measurements: SL 11 (10.5–14), SW 8.5

(7.5–9.5), TS 6.5–7, PCL 6.5 (5.5–7), PCW 3.5

(3–4.5), NC 6

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1984–0367)

Reference: Lom et al. (1989)

Genus Unicauda Davis, 1944

Myxozoa in the Americas

Unicauda brachyuran Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya brachyura Ward 1919]

Host: Notropis anogenus Forbes, 1885

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Fin ray

Locality: Lake Erie, Ohio, USA

Plasmodia: 360 length x 240 width µm; FC round

Spore measurements: SL 10–11.5, SW 8–8.75,

TS 4–5, AL 17, TL 27–28.5, PCL 3–4, PCW 2, PC

Reference: Davis (1944) and Ward (1919)

Unicauda clavicauda Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya clavicauda, Kudo, 1934]

Host: Notropis blennius (Girard, 1856)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Subdermal connective tissue

Locality: Rock River, Rockford, Illinois, USA

Plasmodia: 1–1.5 mm in diameter; FC oblong or

ellipsoid

Spore measurements: SL 10.5–11.5, SW 8.5–9.5,

TS 6, AL 20–30, PCL 5–5.5, PCW 2.5, PC =

Reference: Davis (1944) and Kudo (1934)

Unicauda crassicauda, Davis 1944

[Syn. Henneguya crassicauda Kudo, 1934]

Host: Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque, 1820)

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Fins and intertegument

Locality: Small creek near Rockford, Illinois,

USA

Plasmodia: 200–400 length x 100–250 width µm;

FC ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 12–14.5, SW 8.5–10.5,

TS 6–7, AL 40–55, PCL 5–6, PCW 3–3.5

Reference: Davis (1944) and Kudo (1934)

Unicauda fimbrethlae Rosser, Alberson,

Baumgarter, Mauel, Pote & Griffin, 2016

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Throughout intestinal tract

Locality: Commercial catfish pond, Brooksville,

Mississippi, Noxubee County, USA

Spore measurements: SL 7.31±0.26 (6.75–7.84),

SW 7.01±0.63 (6.1–8.01), AL 82.98±14.97

(63.39–118.63), TL 90.39±14.97 (70.88–126.02),

PCL 3.45±0.33 (3.02–4.03), PCW 2.65±0.32

(2.18–3.11)

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (Halotype No.

1283045; Paratypes No. 1283046–1283047)

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

480

GenBank: 18S (No. Kt072742)

Reference: Rosser et al. 2016

Unicauda fontinalis Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya fontinalis Fantham, Porter &

Richardson, 1939]

Host: Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)

(Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) – FW

Site: Pectoral fin

Locality: Gaspe, Quebec, Canada

Plasmodia: 1–5 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 11.8–14.2, SW

8.6–10.6, TL 18.8–23, PCL 5.5–7.5, PCW

2.6–4.1, NC 5–6

Note: 52 µm length of polar filament

Reference: Davis (1944) and Fantham et al.(1939)

Unicauda magna Minchew, 1981

Host: Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820

(Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) – FW

Site: Tissue of the pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins

Locality: Fish hatchery, Penncylvania, USA

Plasmodia: 1.0–1.5 mm

Spore measurements: SL 15.5 (14–17), SW 13.2

(12–14.5), TS 12.1 (10–13), AL 94.1 (60–154), TL

109.6 (75–170), PCL 8.6 (7.5–9.5), PCW 4.1

(3–5), NC 5–6

Reference: Minchew (1981)

Unicauda monera Davis, 1944

[Syn. Myxobolus monurus, Gurley, 1894]

Host: Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams, 1824)

(Percopsiformes: Aphredoderidae) – FW

Site: Subcutaneous intermuscular tissue

Locality: Woodbury, New Jersey, USA

Plasmodia: 2.18 mm in diameter

Note: The original description not provided the

spore measurements

Reference: Davis (1944) and Gurley (1894)

Unicauda plasmodia Davis, 1944

[Syn. Henneguya plasmodia Davis, 1922]

Host: Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque 1818)

(Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Mississippi River, Fairport, Iowa, USA

Spore measurements: SL 15, SW 8, TS 6, TL 21,

PCL 4.5, PCW 3

Reference: Davis (1922) and Davis (1924)

Order Multivalvulida Shulman, 1959

Poblete Vidal et al.

Family Kudoidae Meglitsch, 1960

Genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947

Kudoa aequidens Casal, Matos, Matos &

Azevedo, 2008

Host: Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984

(perciformes: Cichidae) – FW

Site: Sub-opercular skeletal musculature

Locality: Peixe Boi River (01°11'S, 47°18'W),

Peixe Boi, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 125 µm; FC spherical to ellipsoidal

Spore measurements: SL 3.2 (2.9–3.5), SW 6.8

(6.2–7.1), PCL 2.2(2.0–2.6), PCW 1.2 (1.1–1.5),

PC =, NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 1112643)

Reference: Casal et al. 2008

Kudoa alliaria Kovaleva & Schulman, 1979

Host: Micromesistius australis Norman, 1937

(Gadiformes: Gadidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: M, Falkland Island

Plasmodia: 3.5 length x 6.0 width mm; FC

fusiform

Spore measurements: SL 7–8, SW 8–9, TS 9–10,

PCL 2.4, PCW 1.8, PC =, NC 3–4

Reference: Kovaleva & Schulman (1979)

Kudoa branchiata Joy, 1972

Host: Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepède, 1802

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – FW

Site: Gills

Locality: Clear lake, Texas, USA

Plasmodia: 0.76 (0.55–1.08) length x 0.3

(0.22–0.41) width mm

Spore measurements: SL 4.15 (3.88–4.85), SW

4.73 (4.36–4.85), PCL 1.46, PCW 0.9, PC =

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 24122)

Reference: Joy (1972)

Kudoa caudata Kovaleva & Gayevskaya, 1983

Host: Scomber japonicus Houttuyn,1782

(Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: WTSP (10°09'S, 82°22'W), off Peru

Plasmodia: 13.3 µm; FC spherical

Spore measurements: SL 5.3–6.6, SW 7.9–8.6,

TS 6.6, PCL 2.0–2.6, PCW 1.6–2.0, PC =, NC 2

Specimens in Collection: ZISP (No. 586 and 587)

Reference: Kovaleva & Gayevskaya (1983)

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481

Kudoa cerebralis Paperna & Zwerner, 1974

Host: Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792)

(Perciformes: Moronidae) – FW/BW

Site: Brain

Locality: York River, Rappahannock Rive,

Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA

Plasmodia: Up to 0.22 mm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 4.8–5.8 (5.5±0.4), SW

5.8–7.2 (6.4±0.4), PCL 2.6–4.7(3.7±0.5), PCW

1.0–1.8 (1.5±0.2), PC =, NC

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 72641 and

72642)

Reference: Paperna & Zwerner (1974)

Kudoa clupeidae Meglitsch, 1947

[Syn. Chloromyxum clupeidae Hahn, 1917]

Host: Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758

(Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) – MAR

Site: In muscles all over fish body

Locality: WTNA, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries

Station, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: Up to 5 mm

Spore measurements: SL 5.1, SW 6.4, PCL 1.5,

PCW 1.0, PC =

Reference: Meglitsch (1947b)

Kudoa crumena Iversen & Van Meter, 1967

Host: Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815)

(Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: Commercial fishery, Miami, Florida,

USA

Plasmodia: 1.2 (0.8–1.7) length x 1.9 (1.1–2.6)

width mm; FC ellipdoidal

Spore measurements: SL 7.5 (6.8–8.2), SW 9.9

(9.3–10.4), PCL 4.0 (3.2–4.6), PCW 2.5 (2.1–2.9),

PC =

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 23748)

Reference: Iversen & Van Meter (1967)

Kudoa dianae Dyková, Avila & Fiala, 2002

Host: Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842)

(Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) – MAR

Site: Oesophagus and mesentery

Locality: TEP, Bahía de La Paz, Sinaloa, Mexico

Plasmodia: 5 mm in diameter; FC spherical or

ovoid

Spore measurements: SL 5 (4.5–5.5), SW 6

(5.5–6.5), PCL 2, PCW 1.5, PC =

Specimens in Collection: IPCAS (No. H-PM 065-

069)

GenBank: 18S (No. Af414692)

Myxozoa in the Americas

Reference: Dyková et al. (2002)

Kudoa funduli Meglitsch, 1947

[Syn. Chloromyxum funduli Hahn, 1915]

Host: Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: CTNA, Woods Hole, Falmouth,

Massachusetts, USA

Plasmodia: 3.0 length x 0.5 width mm; FC

elongate

Spore measurements: SL 6, SW 7.4

Reference: Meglitsch (1947b)

Kudoa hypoepicardialis Blaylock, Bullard &

Whipps, 2004

Host: Nomeus gronovii (Gmelin, 1789)

(Perciformes: Nomeidae) – MAR

Site: Heart

Locality: TNA, Northern Gulf of Mexico

(29°38'N, 88°27'W), USA

Plasmodia: 0.66 (0.53–0.72) length x 0.29

(0.23–0.34) width mm; FC Polysporic, ovoid and

oblong

Spore measurements: SL 6.5, SW 10.1

(9.3–11.2), TS 8.4 (7.4–9.3), PCL 2.8, PCW 0.97

(0.9–1.4), PC =, NC 1

Specimens in Collection: USNPC syntype (No.

93691), 1 plasmodium (No.93692), 1 hematoxylin

and eosin slide (No. 93693)

GenBank: 18S (No. Ay302722)

Note: Also found in Caranx crysos (Mitchill),

Hyporthodus nigritus (Holbrook), Lobotes

surinamensis (Bloch), Lutjanus campechanus

(Poey), Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus), Pomatomus

saltatrix (Linnaeus)

Reference: Blaylock et al. (2004)

Kudoa inornata Dyková, de Buron, Fiala &

Roumillat, 2009

Host: Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: WTNA, Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto

(ACE) Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve

(32°30'0''N, 80°26'18''W), South Carolina, USA

Plasmodia: 200–300 µm in length

Spore measurements: SL 5.4 (5.3–5.5), SW 5.9

(5.8–6.0), TS 6.0 (5.9–6.1), PCL 2.7, PC =, NC 2

Specimens in Collection: IPCAS (accession

numbers not provided)

GenBank: 18S (No. FJ790311) and 28S (No.

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

482

Fj790312) 

Reference: Dyková et al. (2009)

Kudoa leiostomi Dyková, Lom & Overstreet,

1994

Host: Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepède, 1802

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: TNA, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi, USA

Spore measurements: SL 6.8, SW 9.1 (8.0–9.8),

TS 6.5 (5.8–7.0), PCL 3.3, PCW 1.7, PC =, NC 2

Reference: Dyková et al. (1994)

Kudoa miniauriculata Whitaker, Kent &

Sakanari, 1996

Host: Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854

(Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: CTNP, California, USA

Plasmodia: few millimeters to 2 cm in length and

1-2 mm in width

Spore measurements: SL 5.41 (4.97–5.85), SW

7.94 (7.02–8.48), PCL 2.15 (1.76–2.34), PC =

Specimens in Collection: USNPC (No. 85279 and

85301)

Reference: Whitaker et al. (1996)

Kudoa orbicularis Azevedo, Rocha, Matos,

Oliveira, Matos, Al-Quraishy & Casal, 2016

Ho st: Chae to br an ch op sis or bi cu la ris

Steindachner, 1875 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) – FW

Site: Muscles of the dorsal and ventral column

Locality: Arari River (01°00'31''S, 48°57'46''),

Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil

Plasmodia: 270 µm in diameter; FC irregular

Spore measurements: SL 4.3 (3.6–5.0), SW 5.1

(4.2–5.8), PCL 2.1 (1.7–2.6), PCW 1.3 (0.9–1.7),

PC =, NC 2–3

Specimens in Collection: INPA (No. 023/2015)

GenBank: 18S (No. Km192365)

Reference: Azevedo et al. (2016)

Kudoa ovivora Swearer & Robertson, 1999

Host: Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch, 1791)

(Perciformes: Labridae) – MAR

Site: Ovary

Locality: TNA, San Blas Islands (9°34'N,

78°58'W), Panamá

Plasmodia: 25–50 µm in diameter

Spore measurements: SL 6.5 (5.0–7.5), SW 7.7

(6.7–8.3), TS 6.9 (5.8–7.7), PCL 2.1 (1.7–2.5),

PCW 1.5 (1.3–1.7), PC =, NC

Poblete Vidal et al.

Specimens in Collection: MSE (No. KOV1,

KOV2, KVO3)

Note: Also found in Halichoeres bivittatus

(Bloch), H. garnoti (Valenciennes), H. poeyi

(Steindachner), Sparisoma aurofrenatum

(Valenciennes), S. rubripinne (Valenciennes)

Reference: Swearer & Robertson (1999)

Kudoa paniformis Kabata & Whitaker, 1981

Host: Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855)

(Gadiformes: Merluccidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: CTNP, Vancouver Islan (48°30'N,

125°15'W), Canada

Spore measurements: SL 4.5–6.0 (5.0±0.2), SW

5.0–6.5 (5.9±0.3), TS 6.0–7.0 (6.6±0.4), PCL

1.9–2.4 (2.0±0.04), PCW 1.4–1.9 (1.6±0.06), PC

≠

Specimens in Collection: CMN (No. 1981-95)

Reference: Kabata & Whitaker (1981)

Kudoa peruvianus Mateo Salas, 1972

Host: Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg, 1954

(Gadiformes: Merluciidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: WTSP, Institudo Del Mar, Peru

Plasmodia: 0.50–2.50 length x 0.02–0.09 width

Spore measurements: SL 4.6–5.1, SW 5.5–6.1,

PCL 2.2–2.6, PCW 1.3–1.7, PC =

Reference: Mateo Salas (1972)

Kudoa ramsayi Kalavati, Brickle, Mackenzie

2000

Host: Patagonotothen ramsayi (Regan, 1913)

(Perciformes: Nototheniidae) – MAR

Site: Trunk musculature

Locality: M, Falkland Islands Shef (59°53'S,

57°24'W), Falkland Islands

Plasmodia: FC subconical

Spore measurements: SL 8.0–10.4 (9.1±0.6), SW

4.8–8.0(5.6±0.8), TS 2.8–4.8 (3.4±0.5), PCL

2.0–3.6 (2.6±0.4), PCW 1.6-3.2(2.2±0.3), PC =,

NC 3–4

Specimens in Collection: BMNH (No. 1999:3:2:6

and 1999:3:2:7)

Reference: Kalavati et al. (2000)

Kudoa rayformis Shin, Shirakashi, Hamano,

Kato, Lasso & Yokoyama, 2016

Host: Scomberomorus sierra Jordam & Starks,

1895 (Perciformes: Scombridae) – MAR

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483

Site: Trunk muscle

Locality: TNA, Coast of Tonosi, Los Santos

Province, Panama

Spore measurements: SL 5.0 ± 0.3 (4.6–5.7), SW

5.4 ± 0.2 (5.0–5.7), TS 8.2 ± 0.6 (7.5–9.2), PCL 1.9

± 0.3 (1.5–2.6), PCW 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.5–2.5), PC ≠

Specimens in Collection: MPM (No.21010)

GenBank: 18S (No. KR140014); 28S (No.

Kr140015)

Reference: Shin et al. (2016)

Kudoa rosenbuschi Meglitsch, 1947

[Syn. Chloromyxum rosenbuschi Gelormini,

1944]

Host: Merluccius gayi gayi (Guichenot, 1848)

(Gadiformes: Merluciidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: commercial fishery, Buenos Aires,

Argentina

Spore measurements: SW 7, PCW 2.5, PC =

Reference: Meglitsch (1947b)

Kudoa sciaenae Terán, Llicán & Luque, 1990

Host: Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846)

(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: WTSP, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru

Plasmodia: 9.6–76.8 length x 3.2–12.8 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 5.28, SW 6.4, PCL 3.2,

PCW 1.6, PC =

Specimens in Collection: LPURP (No. P-

101,102)

Reference: Teran et al. (1990)

Kudoa shkae Dyková & Lom, 1994

Host: Ariopsis felis (Linnaeus, 1766)

(Siluriformes: Ariidae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Locality: TNA, Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi, USA

Plasmodia: 200 length x 60 width µm

Spore measurements: SL 6.2 (6.1–6.2), SW 7.5

(7.0–8.1), PCL 2.5, PCW 2, PC =, NC 3

Reference: Dyková & Lom (1994)

Family Trilosporidae Shulman, 1959

Genus Trilospora Shulman, 1959

Trilospora sphaerica Aseeva & Krasim, 2001

Host: Laemonema longipes Schmidt, 1938

(Gadiformes: Moridae) – MAR

Site: Muscles

Myxozoa in the Americas

Locality: A, Bering Sea, Alaska, USA

Plasmodia: 2.5 length x 5 width mm

Spore measurements: SL 5.4-6.3 in diameter,

PCL 5.4-6.3 in diameter

Note: Also found in Lycodes diapterus Gilbert

Reference: Aseeva & Krasim (2001)

Host-Parasite list

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Malacostraca

Order Amphipoda

Family Ischyroceridae

Erichthonius fasciatus: Myxidium fonsecai

Phylum Chordata

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Bufonidae

Bufo typhonius: Cystodiscus typhonius

Rhinella marina: Cystodiscus immersus,

Cystodiscus lyndoyense

Family Hylidae

Pseudacris triseriata: Cystodiscus melleni

Family Leptodactylidae

Leptopelis ocellatus: Sphaerospora chagasi

Family Ranidae

Lithobates catesbeianus: Sphaerospora

ohlmacheri

Rana pipiens: Cystodiscus serotinus

Class Aves

Order Anseriformes

Family Anatidae

Anas platyrhynchos: Myxidium anatidum

Order Caudata

Family Plethodontidae

Eurycea multiplicata: Chloromyxum salamandrae

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484

Class Reptilla

Order Testudines

Family Emydidae

Trachemys scripta: Myxidium chelonarum,

Myxidium scipta

Family Geoemydidae

Hardella thurjii: Myxidium hardella

Family Trionychidae

Apalone spinifera: Myxidium americanum

Class Actinopterygii

Order Amiiformes

Family Amiidae

Amia calva: Henneguya amiae

Order Anguilliformes

Family Anguillidae

Anguilla rostrata: Myxidium illinoisense

Order Atheriniformes

Family Atherinidae

Atherinops affinis: Chloromyxum kurisi,

Sphaerospora olsoni

Family Atherinopsidae

Odontesthes incisa: Auerbachia sphaerica,

Ceratomyxa opisthocornata, Myxoproteus innae,

Sphaerospora lobata

Order Aulopiformes

Family Synodontidae

Synodus foetens: Ceratomyxa aglomerata,

Ceratomyxa amorpha

Order Batrachoidiformes

Family Batrachoididae

Porichthys notatus: Ceratomyxa elegans,

Myxodavisia bidens, Myxodavisia cella

Opsanus tau: Sphaerospora polymorpha

Order Beloniformes

Poblete Vidal et al.

Family Belonidae

Strongylura marina: Chloromyxum granulosum

Order Beryciformes

Family Berycidae

Beryx splendens: Parvicapsula schulmani

Order Carcharhiniformes

Family Carcharhinidae

Carcharhinus sp.: Ceratomyxa flagellifera

Galeocerdo cuvier: Ceratomyxa lunata

Prionace glauca: Chloromyxum liae

Rhizoprionodon terraenovae: Ceratomyxa

abbreviata, Ceratomyxa attenuata, Ceratomyxa

flagellifera, Ceratomyxa sphairophora,

Ceratomyxa taenia

Family Sphyrnidae

Sphyrna tiburo: Chloromyxum sphyrnae

Sphyrna zygaena: Ceratomyxa mesospora,

Ceratomyxa recurvata, Ellipsomyxa fusiformis

Family Triakidae

Triakis semifasciatum: Ceratomyxa jamesoni

Order Characiformes

Family Acestrorhynchidae

Acestrorhynchus falcatus: Henneguya adherens

Family Anostomidae

Hypomasticus mormyrops: Henneguya leporini,

Myxobolus associatus

Leporinus elongatus: Myxidium ceccarellii

Leporinus friderici: Henneguya friderici

Leporinus lacustris: Henneguya caudicula

Leporinus macrocephalu s: Henneguya

leporinicola

Leporinus obtusidens: Henneguya azevedoi,

Henneguya visibilis

Leporinus sp.: Henneguya travassoi

Schizodon fasciatus: Henneguya schizodon

Family Bryconidae

Brycon hilarii: Myxobolus brycon, Myxobolus

hilarii, Myxobolus piraputangae, Myxobolus

oliveirai, Myxobolus umidus

Brycon orthotaenia: Myxobolus filamentum

Salminus brasiliensis: Henneguya rotunda,

M y x o b o l u s a u r e u s , M y x o b o l u s

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485

macroplasmodialis, Myxobolus pantanalis,

Myxobolus salminus

Family Characidae

Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski:

Henneguya chydadea

Astyanax fasciatus: Henneguya hoimba

Astyanax scabripinnis: Henneguya artigasi,

Henneguya intracornea, Myxidium cholecysticum

Hyphessobrycon anisitsi: Henneguya pisciforme

Hyphessobrycon santae: Henneguya santae

Jupiaba keithi: Henneguya astyanax

Moenkhausia oligolepis: Henneguya testicularis

Moxostoma sp.: Myxidium gurgeli

Tetragonopterus sp.: Henneguya wenyoni

Family Curimatidae

Curimata inornata: Henneguya curimata

Cyphocharax gilbert: Henneguya cyphocharax

Cyphocharax nagelli: Henneguya garavelli,

Henneguya nagelii, Myxobolus peculiaris

Family Erythrinidae

Hoplias malabaricus: Henneguya malabarica,

Tetrauronema desaequalis

Family Hemiodontidae

Hemiodus microlepis: Ceratomyxa microlepis,

Henneguya hemiodopsis, Myxobolus testicularis

Family Prochilodontidae

Prochilodus argenteus: Myxobolus franciscoi

Prochilodus costatus: Myxobolus curimatae

Prochilodus lineatus: Myxobolus porofilus,

He nn eg uy a caudalo ng ul a, Henneguy a

paranaensis, Myxobolus prochilodus

Semaprochilodus insignis: Myxobolus insignis

Family Serrasalmidae

Co losso ma macropo mum: Cerat omyxa

vermiformis, Myxobolus colossomati

Metynnis argenteus: Myxobolus metynnis

Metynnis maculatus: Myxobolus maculatus

Myloplus rubripinnis: Myxobolus myleus

Piaractus mesopotamicus: Henneguya pellucida,

Henneguya piaractus, Myxobolus cuneus

Pristobrycon striolatus: Henneguya striolata

Pygocentrus piraya: Myxobolus pygocentrus

Serrasalmus altuvei: Henneguya pilosa

Serrasalmus rhombeus: Myxobolus serrasalmi

Serrasalmus spilopleura: Myxobolus noguchii,

Henneguya curvata

Myxozoa in the Americas

Family Triportheidae

Triportheus nematurus: Myxidium cruzi

Order Clupeiformes

Family Clupeidae

Alosa aestivalis: Myxobolus mauriensis

Clupea harengus: Kudoa clupeidae

Dorosoma petenense: Myxobolus petenensis

Sardinella aurita: Myxobolus chondrophilus

Sardinops sagax: Ceratomyxa pacifica

Family Engraulidae

Anchoa marinii: Sphaeromyxa bonaerensis

Engraulis anchoita: Sphaeromyxa argentinensis

Order Cypriniformes

Family Catostomidae

Carpiodes carpio: Myxobolus bellus

Carpioides cyprinus: Myxobolus meglitschi

Carpioides velifer: Myxobolus obliquus

Catotomus commersoni: Chloromyxum catostomi,

Myxidium commersoni, Myxobolus bibullatus,

Myxobolus commersonii, Myxobolus ellipticoides,

Myxobolus lamellus, Myxobolus subcircularis

Catostomus macrocheilus: Myxidium macrocheili

Erimyzon sucetta: Myxobolus globosus,

Myxobolus oblongus

Deltistes luxatus: Myxobolus pratti, Myxobolus

kozloffi

Ictiobus bubalus: Chloromyxum thompsoni,

Myxobolus bubalis, Myxobolus endovasus,

Myxobolus enoblei, Myxobolus filamentus,

Myxobolus ictiobus, Myxobolus jahnricei,

Myxobolus minutus, Myxobolus morrisonae,

Myxobolus ovalis, Myxobolus ovatus

Minytrema melanops: Myxobolus microthecus

Moxostoma anisurum: Myxobolus congesticus,

Myxobolus gravidus

Moxostoma breviceps: Myxobolus conspicuus

Moxostoma pisolabrum: Myxobolus moxostomi,

Myxobolus vastus

Moxostoma sp.: Myxidium moxostomatis

Family Cyprinidae

Campostoma anomalum: Unicauda crassicauda

Campostoma oligolepis: Myxobolus stanlii

Carassius auratus: Chloromyxum auratum

Chrosomus eos: Myxobolus smith

Clinostomus funduloides: Myxobolus transovalis

C h r o s o m u s n e o g a e u s : M y x o b o l u s

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

486

parallelipticoides, Myxobolus pfrille

Couesius plumbeus: Myxobolus couesii

Cyprinella lutrensis: Myxobolus spalli

Cyprinella whipplei: Myxobolus teres

Cyprinus carpio: Thelohanellus toyamai

Danio rerio: Myxidium streisingeri

Ericymba buccata: Myxobolus grandis

Luxilus cornutus: Myxobolus bartai, Myxobolus

fanthami, Myxobolus medius, Myxobolus notropis,

Myxobolus orbitalis, Myxobolus pseudokoi,

Myxobolus robustus, Myxobolus schuberti,

Myxobolus siddalli, Myxobolus transversalis,

Myxobolus wellerae, Myxobolus xiaoi

Margariscus margarita: Chloromyxum externum

No temig on us cry so le uc as : My xo bo lus

algonquinensis, Myxobolus argentus, Myxobolus

bilobus, Myxobolus martini, Myxobolus

notemigoni, Myxobolus xiaoi, Thelohanellus

oviformis

Notropis anogenus: Myxobolus aureatus,

Unicauda brachyura

Notropis atherinoidi: Dicauda atherinoides

Notropis blennius: Myxobolus compressus,

Unicauda clavicauda

Notropis dorsalis: Myxobolus orbiculatus

Notropis heterolepis: Myxobolus heterolepis

Notropis hudsonius: Myxobolus burti

Pimephales notatus: Myxobolus hoffmani,

Myxobolus hyborhynchi, Myxobolus mutabilis,

Myxobolus nodosus, Myxobolus ridouti,

Thelohanellus notatus

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque: Unicauda

magna

Pimephales vigilax: Myxobolus angustus

Rhinichthys atratulus: Myxobolus rhinichthidis

Semotilus atromaculatus: Myxobilatus semotilii,

Myxobolus pendula, Myxobolus percae,

Myxobolus ridwayi, Sphaerospora paulini

Order Cyprinodontiformes

Family Cyprinodontidae

Cyprinodon variegatus: Myxobolus capsulatus

Family Fundulidae

Fundulus diaphanus: Myxobolus diaphanus

Fundulus heteroclitus: Kudoa funduli, Myxidium

folium, Myxobolus hudsonis, Myxobolus subtecalis

Fundulus majalis: Chloromyxum renalis

Family Poeciliidae

Gambusia affinis: Henneguya gambusi, Myxidium

Poblete Vidal et al.

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

487

phyllium, Myxobolus pharyngeus

Poecilia latipinna: Myxobolus latipinnacola

Poecilia mexicana: Myxobolus nuevoleonensis

Poecilia reticulata: Myxobolus nuevoleonensis

Poecilia vivípara: Myxobolus lutzi

Order Esociformes

Family Esocidae

Esox lucius: Henneguya schizura

Esox masquinongy: Henneguya acuta, Henneguya

nigris, Myxobolus bondi, Myxobolus cuneatus,

Myxobolus dentium, Esox niger: Henneguya

esocis, Henneguya nigris, Wardia lucci

Family Umbridae

Umbra limi: Henneguya umbri, Myxidium umbri

Order Gadiformes

Family Gadidae

Microgadus proximus: Sphaeromyxa maiyai

Micromesistius australis: Kudoa alliaria

Family Macrouridae

Albatrossia pectoralis: Myxodavisia pectoralis,

Sphaerospora armatura, Zschokkella meglitschi

Bathygadus melanobranchus: Myxidium

macrourium

Coelorhynchus scaphopsis: Myxobolus mexicanus

Coelorinchus carminatus: Myxoproteus hubbsi

Coelorinchus chilensis: Zschokkella meglitschi

Coelorinchus gladius: Zschokkella meglitschi

Coryphaenoides acrolepis: Chloromyxum kabatai,

Myxodavisia coryphaenoidia, Myxoproteus

californicus, Myxoproteus rosenblatti, Neobipteria

macrouri, Sinuolinea magna

Coryphaenoides armatus: Myxoproteus abyssus,

Myxoproteus rosenblatti, Zschokkella meglitschi

Coryphaenoides ariommus: Myxoproteus

rosenblatti

Coryphaenoides carapinus: Myxidium iwamotoi

Coryphaenoides cinereus: Ceratomyxa

asymmetrica, Ceratomyxa coryphaenoida

Coryphaenoides filifer: Myxoproteus rosenblatti,

Zschokkella meglitschi

Coryphaenoides leptolepis: Sphaerospora

armatura

Coryphaenoides longiflis: Zschokkella meglitschi

Macrourus berglax: Auerbachia pulchra,

Myxodavisia newfoundlandia Zschokkella kudoi

Macrourus holotrachys: Myxidium baueri,

Myxodavisia newfoundlandia II

Malacocephalus occidentalis: Sphaeromyxa

intermediata

Nezumia propinquus: Zschokkella meglitschi

Nezumia stelgidolepis: Zschokkella meglitschi

Family Moridae

Laemonema longipes: Trilospora sphaerica

Salilota australis: Myxidium asymmetricum,

Myxoproteus moseri, Sphaeromyxa schulmani

Family Merluciidae

M a c r u ro n us m a gellan i c u s : P a l l i a t u s

magellanicus, Pseudalataspora kovalevae

Merluccius australis: Alatospora merluccii

Merluccius gayi gayi: Kudoa rosenbuschi

Merluccius gayi peruanus: Kudoa peruvianus

Merluccius hubbsi: Myxoproteus meridianalis

Merluccius productus: Kudoa paniformis

Family Phycidae

Urophysis tenuis: Ceratomyxa urophysis

Order Gasterosteiformes

Family Gasterosteidae

Culaea inconstans: Myxobolus eucalii

Gasterosteus aculeatus: Ceratonova gasterostea,

Myxidium gasterostei

Urophycis chuss: Ceratomyxa acadiensis

Order Gobiesociformes

Family Gobiesocidae

Gobiesox rhessodon: Sphaeromyxa ovula

Rimicola eigenmanni: Sphaerospora compressa

Order Gymnotiformes

Family Gymnotidae

Electrophorus electricus: Henneguya electrica,

Henneguya visceralis

Family Hypopomidae

Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus: Henneguya

torpedo

Family Sternopygidae

Eigenmannia virescens: Myxobolus inaequus,

Henneguya theca

Family Rhamphichthyidae

Gymnoramphichthys rondoni: Henneguya rondoni

Myxozoa in the Americas

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Order Mugiliformes

Family Mugilidae

Mugil cephalus: Myxobolus cephalus

Mugil platanus: Myxobolus platanus

Order Osmeriformes

Family Alepocephalidae

B a j a c a l i f o r n i a b u r r a g e i : M y x i d i u m

bajacalifornium

Family Galaxiidae

Galaxias maculatus: Myxidium biliare, Myxobolus

bartoni, Myxobolus galaxii, Myxobolus

magellanicus

Order Osteoglossiformes

Family Arapaimidae

Arapaima gigas: Henneguya arapaim

Order Perciformes

Family Carangidae

Selar crumenophthalmus: Henneguya akule

Trachurus murphyi: Ceratomyxa meglitschi,

Ceratomyxa ovalis

Family Centrarchidae

Lepomis cyanellus: Acauda elongata, Myxobolus

mesentericus

Lepomis gibbosus: Chloromyxum gibbosum,

Henneguya episclera, Myxobilatus ohioensis,

Myxobolus gibbosus, Myxobolus lepomicus,

Myxobolus magnaspherus, Myxobolus osburni,

Myxobolus paralintoni, Myxobolus uvuliferis,

Myxobolus dechtiari, Sphaerospora diminuta,

Sphaerospora ovophila

Lepomis humilis: Wardia ovinocua

Lepomis macrochirus: Acauda hoffmani,

Myxobolus cartilaginis, Myxobolus corneus,

Myxobolus jollimorei, Myxobolus mississipiensis

Lepomis megalotis: Chloromyxum trijugum

Micropterus dolomieu: Myxobolus branchiarum,

Myxobolus inornatus, Myxobolus kostiri,

Myxobolus micropterii, Myxobolus osburni

Micropterus salmoides: Myxobolus microcystus,

Myxobolus micropterii, Myxobilatus mictosporus

Pomoxis annularis: Myxobilatus rupestris

Pomoxis nigromaculatus: Myxobolus intestinalis,

Myxobolus iowensis, Myxobolus manueli,

Myxobolus okobojiensis, Myxobolus sparoides,

Myxobolus symmetricus

Family Centropomidae

Centropomus undecimalis: Ceratomyxa

choleospora, Myxobolus centropomi

Family Cichlidae

Aequidens plagiozonatus: Henneguya aequidens,

Kudoa aequidens

Cichla temensis: Henneguya paraensis

Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis: Kudoa

orbicularis

Crenicichla lepidota: Henneguya amazônica

Oreochromis niloticus: Sinuolinea niloticus

Symphysodon discus: Ceratomyxa amazonensis

Family Clinidae

Gibbonsia elegans: Ceratomyxa gracilis,

Ceratomyxa noblei, Sphaeromyxa gibbonsia

Gibbonsia metzi: Sphaerospora sphaerula

Family Eleginopsidae

Eleginops maclovinus: Henneguya shackletoni

Family Embiotocidae

Rhacochilus vacca: Zschokkella embiotociddis

Family Ephippidae

Chaetodipterus faber: Ceratomyxa streptospora,

Myxoproteus cordiformis

Family Labridae

Thalassoma bifasciatum: Kudoa ovivora

Family Lutjanidae

Lutjanus griséus: Sphaerospora motemarini

Lutjanus jocu: Henneguya jocu

Family Moronidae

Morone chrysops: Henneguya magna

Morone saxatilis: Kudoa cerebralis

Family Nomeidae

Nomeus gronovii: Kudoa hypoepicardialis

Family Nototheniidae

Patagonotothen ramsayi: Bipteria nototheniae,

Kudoa ramsayi

Patagonotothen sima: Renispora simae

Family Percidae

Etheostoma exile: Myxobolus poecilichthidis

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Perca flavescens: Henneguya doori, Henneguya

percae, Henneguya wisconsinensis, Myxidium

percae, Myxobolus neurophilus, Myxobolus

scleroperca

Sander vitreus: Myxobilatus asymmetricus

Family Sciaenidae

Aplodinotus grunniens: Myxidium aplodinoti,

Myxobilatus caudalis

Atractoscion nobilis: Ceratomyxa venusa

Bairdiella chrysoura: Myxoproteus cornutus

Cynoscion nebulosus: Henneguya cynoscioni,

Kudoa inornata

Cynoscion regalis: Myxidium glutinosum,

Sinuolinea dimorpha

Leiostomus xanthurus: Kudoa branchiata, Kudoa

leiostomi

Menticirrhus americanus: Chloromyxum

menticirrhi, Myxidium striatum

Pogonias cromis: Henneguya texana

Sciaena deliciosa: Kudoa sciaenae

Sciaenops ocellatus: Henneguya ocellata,

Parvicapsula renalis

Family Scombridae

Scomber japonicus: Ceratomyxa inconstans,

Kudoa caudata, Pseudalataspora scombri

Scomber scombrus: Ceratomyxa americana

Scomberomorus maculatus: Kudoa crumena

Scomberomorus sierra: Kudoa rayformis

Family Sparidae

Lagodon rhomboides: Henneguya lagodon

Family Zoarcidae

Lycodapus australis: Myxodavisia galeiforme

Lycodes esmarkii: Schulmania ovale

M e l a n o s t i g m a p a m m e l a s : M y x i d i u m

melanostigmum

Zoarces americanus: Ceratomyxa acadiensis

Order Percopsiformes

Family Percopsidae

P erco p s i s o mis c o m ayc u s : M y xob o l u s

intramusculi, Myxobolus procerus

Order Pleuronectiformes

Family Paralichthyidae

Ancylopsetta ommata: Ceratomyxa undulata

P aral i c h t hys al b i g u tta : M y x o davi s i a

brachiophora, Myxodavisia opacita, Myxodavisia

spinosa, Sinuolinea capsularis, Sphaerospora

glomerosa

Paralichthys dentatus: Ceratomyxa navicularia,

Sphaerospora lobosa

Paralichthys patagonicus: Ceratomyxa flexa,

Myxobilatus minutus, Myxoproteus biliaris,

Sinuolinea contrariocapsularis, Zschokkella

flexosasuturalis

Family Pleuronectidae

Hippoglossoides plaiessoides: Schulmania

aenigmatosa

Parophrys vetulus: Ceratomyxa hopkinsi

Pseudopleuronectes americanus: Myxidium

mavori, Myxobolus pleuronectidae

Reinhardtius hippoglossoides: Schulmania

quadriolobata

Order Salminiformes

Family Salmonidae

Oncorhynchus clarkii: Myxobolus insidiosus

clarki

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha: Parvicapsula kabatai

Oncorhynchus kisutch: Henneguya salminicola,

Myxobolus fryeri, Myxobolus kisutchi, Myxidium

minteri

Oncorhynchus mykiss: Ceratonova shasta,

Chloromyxum majori, Myxobolus squamosus

Oncorhynchus nerka: Chloromyxum wardi,

Sphaerospora elwhaiensis, Sphaerospora

oncorhynchi, Parvicapsula minibicornis

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha: Myxobolus insidiosus

Salmo salar Linnaeus: Henneguya salmonis

Salvelinus fontinalis: Unicauda fontinalis

Order Scorpaeniformes

Family Anoplopomatidae

Anoplopoma fimbria: Ceratomyxa anoplopoma,

Myxodavisia anoplopoma

Family Cottidae

Artedius lateralis: Sphaeromyxa lateralis

Clinocottus analis: Ceratomyxa obesa

Cottus cognatus: Myxobilatus cotti, Myxobilatus

yukonensis, Myxobolus cognati

Leptocottus armatus: Ceratomyxa crassa

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus: Myxidium

myxocephali

Family Dactylopteridae

Myxozoa in the Americas

Dactylopterus volitans: Myxidium volitans

Family Sebastidae

Sebastes paucispinis: Henneguya sebasta, Kudoa

miniauriculata

Sebastes rosaceus: Ceratomyxa starksi

Sebastes serranoides: Ceratomyxa lovei,

Myxodavisia reginae

Order Siluriformes

Family Ariidae

Ariopsis felis: Kudoa shkae

Sciades herzbergii: Myxobolus sciades

Family Aspredinidae

Bunocephalus coracoideus: Myxobolus

braziliensis

Family Auchenipteridae

Centromochlus heckelii: Myxobolus heckelii

Family Callichthyidae

Hoplosternum littorale: Henneguya guanduensis

Corydoras melini: Henneguya milini, Myxidium

amazonense, Myxobolus niger

Family Heptapteridae

Rhamdia quelen: Henneguya rhamdia

Family Ictaluridae

Ameiurus melas: Henneguya gurleyi, Myxidium

melum

Ameiurus nebulosus: Henneguya ameiurensis,

Sphaerospora hankai

Ictalurus furcatus: Henneguya limatula,

Henneguya pellis, Myxidium kudoi

Ictalurus punctatus: Henneguya adiposa,

Henneguya bulbosus, Henneguya diversis,

Henneguya exilis, Henneguya ictaluri, Henneguya

limatula, Henneguya longicauda, Henneguya

mississippiensis, Henneguya postexilis,

Henneguya sutherlandi, Myxidium bellum,

Sphaerospora ictaluri, Unicauda fimbrethlae,

Unicauda plasmodia

Noturus gyrinus: Myxobilatus noturi

Pylodictis olivaris: Chloromyxum opladeli

Family Loricariidae

Loricaria sp.: Henneguya occulta

Family Mochokidae

Synodontis clarias: Myxobolus cunhai

Family Pimelodidae

Pimelodus maculatus: Myxobolus absonus

Pimelodus sp.: Myxobolus stokesi

Pseudoplatystoma corruscans: Henneguya

corruscans, Henneguya cuniculator, Henneguya

eirasi, Henneguya maculosus, Henneguya

multiplasmodialis, Henneguya pseudoplatystoma,

Myxobolus flavus

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum: Henneguya

pseudoplatystoma

Zungaro jahu: Myxobolus cordeiroi

Order Syngnathiformes

Family Syngnathidae

Hippocampus erectus: Sphaeromyxa cannolii

Syngnathus floridae: Sinuolinea arborescens

Order Teleostei

Family Apteronotidae

Apteronotus albifrons: Myxobolus desaequalis

Order Tetraodontiformes

Family Tetraodontidae

Sphoeroides annulatus: Kudoa dianae

Sphoeroides maculatus: Zschokkella globulosa

Sphaeroides testudineus: Triangula amazonica

Class Chondrichthyes

Order Chimaeriformes

Family Chimaeridae

Hydrolagus colliei: Ceratomyxa fisheri

Order Myliobatiformes

Family Dasyatidae

Dasyatis hastata: Ceratomyxa scissura

Order Rajiformes

Family Arhynchobatidae

Bathyraja brachyurops: Chloro myx um

parvicostatum

Rioraja agasizii: Chloromyxum riorajum

Order Squaliformes

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Family Squalidae

Squalus suckleyi: Chloromyxum ovatum

Order Squatiniformes

Family Squantinidae

S q u a l u s a c a n t h i a s : C h l o r o m y x u m

transversocostatum

Squatina californica: Chloromyxum levigatum

Squatina squatina: Chloromyxum multicostatum

Class Myxini

Order Myxiniformes

Family Myxiniformes

Eptatretus stoutii: Ceratomyxa california,

Ceratomyxa galeata

Class Sarcopterygii

Order Lepidosireniformes

Family Lepidosirenidae

Lepidosiren paradoxa: Agarella gracillis

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Infraclass Trematoda

Order Plagiorchiida

Family Apocreadiidae

Crassicutis archosargi: Fabespora vermicola

DISCUSSION

Classification of myxozoan species has been based

almost exclusively on spore morphology since the

first systems were established (Kudo, 1933;

Shul'man, 1966). The majority of species

descriptions are of morphological nature, or are

ultrastructural and histopathological studies.

Nonetheless, DNA sequencing and analysis is

becoming more commonplace. Molecular markers

reveal unexpected myxosporean relationships and

show discrepancies between spore based

classifications and phylogenies based on gene

sequences (Smothers et al., 1994; Siddall et al.,

1995; Schlegel et al., 1996). The small subunit

(SSU) 18S rDNA has been the most common

molecular marker used for the detection,

identification and phylogenetic analysis for

myxozoans and has the most data available for

comparison (Fiala et al., 2015). The difficulties of

relying on spore morphology for species

identification have led authors to recommend that

SSU rDNA sequence should be included when new

species are described (Andree et al., 1999; Kent et

al. 2001; Lom & Dyková, 2006). Descriptions

should aggregate as many data sources as possible

(Atkinson et al., 2015) including transmition

electron micrographs, molecular data, traditional

morphological data, etc. Here, we made note of

what sequences are available for each species

described, and expect the number of

representatives to grow as DNA sequencing

becomes routine.

According Okamura et al. (2015) myxozoans

represent around 18 % of cnidarian species

diversity, and of them, about 1200 belong to the

family Myxobolidae (Eiras, 2002; Eiras et al.,

2014; Zhang et al., 2013), representing

approximately 52% of myxozoan species diversity.

Previous compilations of Myxobolus listed 905

nominal species (Eiras et al., 2014), more than 200

species of Henneguya (Eiras, 2002) and 108 of

Thelohanellus (Zhang et al., 2013). In our

synopsis, members of the Myxobolidae,

represented 52.6% of valid species in the

Americas, corroborating with world data, and

suggesting these are not over or under represented

in our data set.

The results revealed that Neartic region has the

highest number of nominal species. Furthermore,

most of the the records, and the molecular data for

known speices originates in the U.S (Gurley, 1893;

Whinery, 1893; Smothers et al., 1994; Siddall et

al., 1995). Taxonomic publications from the

Neotropics has increased in recent years with

several researchers initiating studies on

myxozoans from freshwater fish from South

America (Azevedo et al., 2005; Naldoni et al.,

2006; Eiras et al., 2008; Azevedo et al., 2009;

Carriero et al., 2013; Azevedo et al., 2014; Moreira

et al., 2014; Videira et al., 2015; Mathews et al.,

2016.), however, given the number of known

species from the United States where fish host

diversity is relatively lower as compared to fish

Myxozoa in the Americas

diversity of the tropics and Amazon basin,

myxozoan species diversity is probably greatly

underestimated (Okamura et al., 2015). Only a

small fraction of the potential fish hosts in South

America have been examined for parasites. In

addition, DNA sequencing data may reveal many

cryptic species, i.e. genetically distinct species that

look similar morphologically, which further

contributes to an underestimate of the true number

of species (Poulin et al., 2016).

Myxozoan species descriptions are primarily based

on observations made from myxospores; the

number of known actinospores is rather low

(Szekely et al., 2009). Although certainly not

exclusive to the Americas, the lack of information

on these stages, and therefore life cycles limits our

complete understanding of myxozoan diversity

and biology. To date, no life cycle studies have been

undertaken in Neotropic region and only a few in

Neartic region (Cone, 1994; Bartholomew et al.,

1997; Bartholomew et al., 2006).

Some of the species most familiar in fisheries were

not originally described in the Americas, but were

introduced (M. cerebralis) or have broad

distributions (K. thyrsites). In German hatcheries,

whirling disease was unknown until M. cerebralis

was imported to North America and rainbow trout

were infected (Hallett et al., 2015). Subsequently,

the parasite was accidentally introduced to the

eastern USA and decimated several trout

hatcheries that then had to close (Bartholomew &

Reno, 2002). In western Canadian mariculture, K.

thyrsites, endemic in native fishes, became

prevalent in introduced Atlantic salmon. Infections

can result in post-mortem myoliquifaction and

render fillets unmarketable (Moran et al., 1999).

Infections in commercially reared Atlantic salmon

have also been reported from Ireland, Chile, and

Australia (Castro & Burgos, 1996; Munday et al.,

1998; Henning et al., 2013). As aquaculture efforts

expand globally, continuing surveys for myxozoan

parasites is critical.

Studies of myxozoans in Neotropical region are

still scarce in comparison to Neartic region, and

those that exist, often lack any DNA sequence

analysis. As mentioned previously, this is not

likely due to lack of diversity, but an historical bias

of where expertise and resources are found.

According Poulin (2010), it is premature to attempt

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

492

any rigorous analysis the large- diversity of

parasites, because temperate and tropical data are

not yet comparable in a quantitative manner. The

parasitological knowledge is increesing in the

tropical region and this suggests that the data of

parasites will be realistic within just a few years.

Many of the Myxozoa specialists are in North

America, especially in Canada and in the U.S. In

addition, both of these countries have generally

invested more in science and technology than Latin

America (Hermes-Lima et al., 2007). On the other

hand, Brazil is the country with the largest area of

exclusively Neotropical territory, and is the

principal home of the Amazon River basin which

has the highest freshwater fish biodiversity on the

planet. In terms of marine ecosystems, Brazil

possesses the longest littoral in the South Atlantic

Ocean, with the highest biodiversity in the region

(Luque & Poulin, 2007). As such, it is likely that

myxozoan diversity (and fish parasite diversity in

general) are vast, with many additional species in

existing genera, but possibly new genera as well.

Indeed, two monotypic genera, Agarella

(Dunkerly, 1915) and Triangulamyxa (Azevedo et

al., 2005) are only reported from Brazil in South

America.

With the ever growing list of known myxozoan

species, and the prospect for immense growth

when more research is conducted in diverse

localities like Brazil, synopses and checklists such

as this are a valuable resource. Because we based

our data on original descriptions, what report here

can be used, at least initially, as source data. We

always encourage prospective authors to cconsult

original papers when describing new species.

Regardless, this resource can be used as source of

data for anyone contemplating a study of

parasitism in a host population, or as a guide to the

types of myxozoa that you could expect to find at a

certain site of infection, or to provide clues

regarding parasite identification (Poulin et al.,

2016). We believe we have provided an accurate

estimate of species numbers, and the most robust

resource to date for myxozoans from the Americas.

This study was supported partially by the CAPES

(Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal do

Poblete Vidal et al.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(1), jan-jun

493

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Received May 26, 2017.

Accepted November 1, 2017.

Myxozoa in the Americas