ISSN Versión impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1043
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
DIVERSITY OF MONOGENEANS PARASITES FROM CHARACIFORMES FISHES IN THE
BATALHA RIVER AND PEIXE'S RIVER, STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
DIVERSIDAD DE PARÁSITOS MONOGENÉTICOS DE LOS PECES CHARACIFORMES EN
BATALHA RÍO Y RÍO DEL PEIXE, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL
DIVERSIDADE DE PARASITOS MONOGENÉTICOS DOS PEIXES CHARACIFORMES NO
RIO BATALHA E RIO DO PEIXE, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL
1 Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Brasil.
2 Universidade do Sagrado Coração - USC, Brasil.
Corresponding author: Vanessa Doro Abdallah, Rua irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru,
São Paulo, Brasil, 17011- 160. E-mail: vanessaabdallahusc@gmail.com
Karina Gabriele Alves Dias¹; Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias Vieira¹; Aline de Almeida Camargo¹;
² ²
Reinaldo José da Silva¹; Rodney Kozlowiski de Azevedo ; Vanessa Doro Abdallah
ABSTRACT
Key words: Dactlogyridae – gills – Gyrodactylidae – nasal cavity – Platyhelminthes – body surface
In this study, 41 species of Monogenea were recorded parasitizing the gills, body surface, and nasal cavity of
Characiform fishes from State of São Paulo, Brazil. The hosts were caught in Batalha River and Peixe's River
between 2010 and 2015. The monogenean species recorded were: Anacanthorus sciponophallus Van Every &
Kritsky, 1992, Cacatuocotyle guaibensis Gallas, Calegaro-Marques & Amato, 2014, Cacatuocotyle paranaensis
Boeger, Domingues & Kritsky, 1997, Calpidothecium sp., Characithecium sp., Curvianchoratus hexacleidus
Hanek, Molnar & Fernando, 1974, Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980) Suriano, 1986, Dactylogyridae gen.
sp. 1, Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 2, Demidospermus paravalenciennesi Gutiérrez & Suriano, 1992, Diaphorocleidus
sp.1, Diaphorocleidus sp.2, Diaphorocleidus sp.3, Diaphorocleidus sp.4, Diaphorocleidus kabatai (Molnar, Hanek
& Fernando, 1974) Jogunoori, Kritshy & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004, Diaphorocleidus orthodusus Mendonza-
Franco,Reina & Torchin, 2009, Jainus sp., Jainus amazonensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980, Jainus hexops
Kritsky & Leiby, 1972, Jainus leporini Abdallah, Azevedo & Luque, 2012, Notothecium deleastoideum (Kritsky,
Boeger & Jégu, 1998), Notozothecium minor Boeger & Kritsky, 1988, Palombitrema triangulum (Suriano, 1981)
Suriano, 1997, Pavanelliella sp., Philocorydoras margolisi (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974), Rhinoxenus
arietinus (Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988), Rhinoxenus curimbatae Domingues & Boeger, 2005, Rhinoxenus
piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, Sciadicleithrum sp.1, Tereancistrum ornatus Kritsky, Thatcher &
Kayton, 1980, Tereancistrum toksonum Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2004, Trinibaculum altiparanae (Abdallah,
Azevedo & Silva, 2013), Urocleidoides sp., Urocleidoides aimarai Moreira, Scholz & Luque, 2015, Urocleidoides
cuiabai Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011, Urocleidoides eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986,
Urocleidoides malabaricus Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque 2011, Urocleidoides paradoxos (Kritsky, Thatcher &
Boeger, 1986), Urocleidoides trinidadensis Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974, Gyrodactylidae gen. sp. and
Gyrodactylus sp.2. Of these species, 29 species are new host records. Besides that, 22 and 14 species are new
geographical records for Batalha River and Peixe's River, respectively.
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INTRODUCTION
318
RESUMO
Palavras-chave: Dactlogyridae – brânquias – Gyrodactylidae – cavidade nasal – Platyhelminthes – superfície do corpo
Neste estudo, 41 espécies de Monogenea foram registradas parasitando as brânquias, superfície corporal e
cavidade nasal de peixes Characiformes do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os hospedeiros foram coletados
no rio Batalha e no rio do Peixe entre 2010 e 2015. As espécies de monogenéticos registrados foram:
Anacanthorus sciponophallus Van Every & Kritsky, 1992, Cacatuocotyle guaibensis Gallas, Calegaro-
Marques & Amato, 2014, Cacatuocotyle paranaensis Boeger, Domingues & Kritsky, 1997,
Calpidothecium sp., Characithecium sp., Curvianchoratus hexacleidus Hanek, Molnar & Fernando,
1974, Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980) Suriano, 1986, Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1,
Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 2, Demidospermus paravalenciennesi Gutiérrez & Suriano, 1992,
Diaphorocleidus sp.1, Diaphorocleidus sp.2, Diaphorocleidus sp.3, Diaphorocleidus sp.4,
Diaphorocleidus kabatai (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974), Diaphorocleidus orthodusus Mendonza-
Franco,Reina & Torchin, 2009, Jainus sp., Jainus amazonensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980, Jainus
hexops Kritsky & Leiby, 1972, Jainus leporini Abdallah, Azevedo & Luque, 2012, Notothecium
deleastoideum (Kritsky, Boeger & Jégu, 1998), Notozothecium minor Boeger & Kritsky, 1988,
Palombitrema triangulum (Suriano, 1981) Suriano, 1997, Pavanelliella sp., Philocorydoras margolisi
Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974, Rhinoxenus arietinus (Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988), Rhinoxenus
curimbatae Domingues & Boeger, 2005, Rhinoxenus piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988,
Sciadicleithrum sp.1, Tereancistrum ornatus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980, Tereancistrum toksonum
Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2004, Trinibaculum altiparanae (Abdallah, Azevedo & Silva, 2013),
Urocleidoides sp., Urocleidoides aimarai Moreira, Scholz & Luque, 2015, Urocleidoides cuiabai Rosim,
Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011, Urocleidoides eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986,
Urocleidoides malabaricus Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque 2011, Urocleidoides paradoxos (Kritsky,
Thatcher & Boeger, 1986), Urocleidoides trinidadensis Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974,
Gyrodactylidae gen. sp. e Gyrodactylus sp.2. Destas espécies, 29 espécies apresentaram novos registros
de hospedeiro. Além disso, 22 e 14 espécies são novos registros geográficos para o rio Batalha e rio do
Peixe, respectivamente.
hermaphrodites, with direct life cycle, which make
easier parasitic reinfestations, one of the major
problems for fish farming (Dominguez, 2004).
The presence of monogeneans in fish gills can
cause cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, and
fusion of filaments of gill lamellae resulting in
death. Injuries in the skin can cause secondary
infections (Pavanelli et al., 1998; Pavanelli et al.,
2008). Thus, global biodiversity has been very
currently discussed as through the study of
parasites, upgrading our knowledge about diseases
affecting aquatic organisms, to recognize aspects
of the habitat and biology of their hosts. In addition,
parasite diversity are important biological
indicators for local water quality (MacKenzie et
al., 1995).
Therefore, analysis of the parasites on the Batalha
Fishes are considered the most parasitized
vertebrates. The characteristics of the aquatic
environment facilitates the spread, reproduction,
and the life cycle of parasites, which creates high
levels of infection/infestation in fishes (Malta,
1984).
Characiformes are distinguished by species
diversity, ecological, morphological, and the
amplitude size. The diversity of sizes is marked
both by very small species that do not exceed 26
mm, as species of more than one-meter standard
length (Weitzman & Vari, 1988). In Characiform,
monogeneans can be found parasitizing gills, skin,
fins, nostrils, ureters, and few in bowel ducts
(Boeg er & Viann a, 2 0 06). T he y a re
Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(2), jul-dic Alves Dias et al.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
River and Peixe's River can help on the
understanding of river quality impact. From the
Batalha River, only records of Castro (1997) and
Santos & Heubel (2008) reported as 35 the number
of fish species. The Batalha River covers 167 km,
and is considered one of the most important
tributaries of Tiete River. The water is considered
good quality, furthermore, this river is responsible
for supplying 45% for Bauru population. However,
actually the Batalha River is undergoing an intense
pollution process. Thereby changing the water
quality, contributing to the silting of the river and
pollution the water (Silva et al., 2009). Meanwhile,
the Peixe's River has its sources located in the
municipality of Torre de Pedra, São Paulo State, in
the region of the Environmental Protection Area
(APA) of the Basaltic Cuesta of Botucatu covering
a sub-basin of equivalent drainage 584.0 Km² in the
direction of the axis South North. In the Peixe's
River has been observed an increasing human
settlement and intensive agricultural activities and
cattle ranching activities (Novaes, 2008) which
change the water quality. Therefore, these two
rivers have a wide variety of fishes to be exploited
in ichthyologic studies and the present study offers
information about the ectoparasites through a
checklist of monogeneans species of
Characiformes fishes from Batalha River and
Peixe's River.
In Batalha River were collected 318 fish specimens
of nine species: Astyanax altiparanae Garutti &
Britski, 2000, Astyanax bockmanni Vari & Castro,
2007, Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819),
Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948),
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), Leporinus
friderici (Bloch, 1794), Moenkhausia intermedia
Eigenmann, 1908, Roeboides descalvadensis
Fowler, 1932, Serrasalmus maculatus (Kner,
1858). In Peixe's River were collected 180 fish
specimens of nine species: Acestrorhynchus
lacustris (Lütken, 1875), A. altiparanae, C.
modestus, Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner,
1881), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837),
Roeboides paranensis (Pignalberi, 1975), S.
maculatus, Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-
Yépez, 1948), Triportheus angulatus (Spix &
Agassiz, 1829). Fish collection was conducted
o
with the authorization of SISBIO (n 40998-3).
Fish were collected along the Batalha River
o o
(22 24'46"S and 49 08'05"O) between August 2013
and June 2015 and in Peixe's River (22º12'41"S and
49º39'52"W) between 22 and 26 March 2010 and
from 9 to 13 August 2010. For the collection
gillnets with different mesh and trawls were used.
The fish were necropsied and their gills, skin, and
nasal cavity were washed in 53 μm sieve and
s u r v e y e d f o r m o n o g e n e a n s u n d e r
stereomicroscope. Some specimens were stained
with Gomori's trichrome and mounted in Canada
balsam while other specimens were mounted in
Gray & Wess' medium (Humason, 1979) for study
of sclerotized structures. The prevalence was
calculated according to Bush et al. (1997).
Trinocular microscopy (Nikon E200) was used for
morphological analysis. The list follows the
classification and systematic arrangements of the
Boeger & Vianna (2006). The parasites are
arranged according to the phylum, class, order, and
family, and the species are presented in
alphabetical order. Species of fishes are arranged in
alphabetical sequence and valid names are adopted
from FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2017). The
following conventions in relation to the parasite
records were observed: NHR refers to a new host
record and * and ** refers to Batalha River and
Peixe's River as news geographical records,
respectively. Voucher specimens were deposited in
Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto de
Biociências (CHIBB), UNESP, campus de
Botucatu/SP.
In total, 41 species of monogeneans were
registered in this study. Of these species, 29 species
are new host records. Besides that, 22 and 14
species are new geographical records for Batalha
River and Peixe's River, respectively.
Anacanthorus sciponophallus Van Every &
Kritsky, 1992 was the most prevalent species
(73,33% for Batalha River and 70% for Peixe's
River) paraziting S. maculatus, followed by Jainus
319
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RESULTS
320
hexops Kritsky & Leiby, 1972 paraziting R.
descalvadensis (66,7%) from Batalha River and
Palombitrema Triangulum (Suriano, 1981)
Suriano, 1997, parasitizing C. nagelli (67%) from
Peixe's River. The species with the lowest
prevalence were Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1 and
Sciadicleithrum sp.1 (2.5%), both in Batalha River.
In Peixe's River, the species with the lowest
prevalence was Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1 (5%).
Only in Peixe's River species belonging to different
family of Dactylogyridae were registered, both of
the family Gyrodactylidae. Some species were
found in both rivers: A. sciponophallus,
Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980)
Suriano, 1986, Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1,
Diaphorocleidus sp. 1, Diaphorocleidus kabatai
(Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974), J. hexops, P.
triangulum, Urocleidoides sp., and Urocleidoides
eremitus Kritsky et al., 1986. Leporinus friderici
was the more parasitized species of fish in Batalha
River, being parasitized by nine species of
parasites. On the Peixe's River, the most parasitized
fish species was A. altiparanae with eight parasite
species recorded.
Phylum Platyhelminthes Gegenbaur, 1859
Class Monogenea (Van Beneden, 1858)
Order Dactylogyridea Bychowsky, 1937
Family Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933
Anacanthorus sciponophallus Van Every &
Kritsky, 1992 */**
Host: S. maculatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 73.33% for
Batalha River and 70% for Peixe's River)
Specimen deposited: 325 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface, gills, and nasal
cavity
Other hosts: S. maculatus, Serrasalmus elongatus
Kner, 1858, Serrasalmus rhombeus (Linnaeus,
1766), Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner, 1858,
Serrasalmus sp.
References: Van Every & Kritsky (1992), Córdova
& Parisielle (2007)
Cacatuocotyle guaibensis Gallas, Calegaro-
Marques & Amato, 2014 *
Host: A. altiparanae (NHR) (Prevalence: 36.36%);
A. bockmanni (NHR) (Prevalence: 31.58%)
Specimen deposited: 326 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: A. fasciatus, Astyanax jacuhiensis
(Cope, 1894).
References: Gallas et al. (2014).
Cacatuocotyle paranaensis Boeger, Domingues &
Kritsky, 1997
Host: C. nagelii (Prevalence: 10.8%)
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface
Other hosts: Characidium lanei Travassos, 1967,
Characidium pterostictum Gomes, 1947, C.
nagelii, A. fasciatus.
References: Boeger & Vianna (2006), Vieira et al.
(2013), Acosta et al. (2015).
Calpidothecium sp. *
Host: C. modestus (NHR) (Prevalence: 3%)
Specimen deposited: 328 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: gills
Reference: Kritsky et al. (1997).
Characithecium sp. *
Host: A. altiparanae (NHR) (Prevalence: 13.63%);
A. bockmanni (NHR) (Prevalence: 26.31%); A.
fasciatus (Prevalence: 16.13%)
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: A. aeneus
References: Mendonza-Franco et al. (2009).
Curvianchoratus hexacleidus Hanek, Molnar &
Fernando, 1974
Host: C. modestus (NHR) (Prevalence: 10%); C.
nagelii (Prevalence: 21,7%)
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface, gills and nasal
cavity
Other hosts: Curimata argentea (Gill, 1858) and C.
nagelii.
References: Boeger & Vianna (2006), Vieira et al.
(2013).
Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980)
Suriano 1986
Host: C. modestus (NHR) (Prevalence: 23.33% for
Batalha River); C. nagelii (Prevalence: 43.2% for
Peixe's River); S. insculpta (NHR) (Prevalence:
20% for Peixe's River)
Specimen deposited: 327 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface, gills and nasal
cavity
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321
Other hosts: Pseudocurimata gilbert (Quoy &
Gaimard, 1824) and C. nagelii.
References: Boeger & Vianna (2006), Vieira et al.
(2013).
Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1 */**
Host: C. modestus (NHR) (Prevalence: 5% for
Peixe's River); C. nagelii (NHR) (Prevalence: 8%
for Peixe's River); H. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)
(Prevalence: 2.5% for Batalha River)
Specimen deposited: 318 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: H. malabaricus and H. aff.
malabaricus
References: Rosim et al. (2011), Graça et al.
(2013).
Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 2 *
Host: C. modestus (NHR) (Prevalence: 3%)
Specimen deposited: 320 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: C. nagelii, Astyanax aeneus (Günther,
1860), Characidium lanei Travassos, 1967.
Demidospermus paravalenciennesi Gutiérrez &
Suriano, 1992 *
Host: L. friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 3%)
Specimen deposited: 332 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface
Other hosts: Pimelodus clarias (Bloch, 1794),
Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803, and
Pimelodus sp.
References: Kritsky & Gutierrez (1998), Santos et
al. (2007), Cohen & Kohn (2008), Azevedo et al.
(2010) and Monteiro et al. (2010).
Diaphorocleidus sp. 1 */**
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 38.63% in
Batalha River and 42.8% for Peixe's River); A.
bockmanni (Prevalence: 5.26% in Batalha River);
A. fasciatus (Prevalence: 41,93% in Batalha
River); R. paranensis (NHR) (Prevalence: 25% for
Peixe's River)
Specimen deposited: 329 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger,
1895).
References: Jogunoori et al. (2004).
Diaphorocleidus sp. 2 */**
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 47.43%); A.
bockmanni (Prevalence: 10.52%); A. fasciatus
(Prevalence: 32.26%)
Specimen deposited: 330 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger,
1895).
References: Jogunoori et al. (2004).
Diaphorocleidus sp. 3 */**
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 20.45%); A.
fasciatus (Prevalence: 22.58%)
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger,
1895).
References: Jogunoori et al. (2004).
Diaphorocleidus sp. 4 */**
Host: A. lacustris (NHR, NGR**) (Prevalence:
20%)
Specimen deposited: 331 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger,
1895).
References: Jogunoori et al. (2004).
Diaphorocleidus kabatai (Molnar, Hanek &
Fernando, 1974) Jogunoori, Kritsky &
Venkatanarasaiah, 2004 *
Host: A. altiparanae (NHR) (Prevalence: 22.73%
in Batalha River and 40% for Peixe's River); A.
fasciatus (Prevalence: 25.80% for Batalha River)
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus,
1758), A. fasciatus, A. aeneus, S. insculpta, A.
fasciatus, and A. altiparanae.
References: Molnar et al. (1974), Kritsky et al.
(1986), Jogunoori et al. (2004), Boeger & Vianna
(2006), Mendonza-Franco et al. (2009), Acosta et
al. (2013), Acosta et al. (2015), Camargo et al.
(2016).
Diaphorocleidus orthodusus Mendonza-Franco,
Reina & Torchin, 2009
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 13.3%)
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
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322
Other hosts: Astyanax orthodus Eigenmann, 1907
and A. altiparanae.
References: Mendonza-Franco et al. (2009),
Camargo et al. (2016).
Jainus sp. **
Host: T. angulatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 10%)
Specimen deposited: 333 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills and nasal cavity
References: Mizelle et al. (1968).
Jainus amazonensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton,
1980 *
Host: M. intermedia (NHR) (Prevalence: 6.7%); L.
friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 9%)
Specimen deposited: 335 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface
Other hosts: Brycon melanopterus (Cope, 1872),
Brycon cephalus (Günther, 1869), and Brycon
amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829).
References: Kritsky et al. (1980), Andrade et al.
(2001), Andrade & Malta (2006), Delgado et al.
(2014).
Jainus hexops Kritsky & Leiby, 1972 *
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 25% in Batalha
River and 7.6% for Peixe's River); A. fasciatus
(Prevalence: 22.58% in Batalha River); M.
intermedia (NHR) (Prevalence: 56.7% in Batalha
River); R. descalvadensis (NHR) (Prevalence:
66.7% in Batalha River); R. paranensis
(Prevalence: 60% for Peixe's River).
Specimen deposited: 334 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: body surface, gills and nasal
cavity
Other hosts: A. fasciatus, A. altiparanae,
Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner,
1907) and Hemibrycon surinamensis Géry, 1962.
References: Boeger & Vianna (2006), Takemoto et
al. (2009), Hoshino et al. (2014), Camargo et al.
(2016).
Jainus leporini Abdallah, Azevedo & Luque, 2012
*
Host: H. malabaricus (NHR) (Prevalence: 10%);
L. friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 18.8%)
Specimen deposited: 321 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: Leporinus copelandii Steindachner,
1875.
References: Abdallah et al. (2012).
Notothecium deleastoideum (Kritsky, Boeger &
Jégu, 1998) **
Host: S. maculatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 33.3%)
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills and body surface
Other hosts: Serrasalmus sp, and S. rhombeus.
References: Kritsky (1998b), Boeger & Vianna
(2006), Córdova & Pariselle (2007).
Notozothecium minor Boeger & Kritsky, 1988 *
Host: S. maculatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 30%)
Specimen deposited: 336 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface, gills and nasal
cavity
Other hosts: Sternarchogiton nattereri
(Steindachner, 1868), Pygocentrus nattereri Kner,
1858, S. elongates, S. rhombeus, S. spilopleura,
and Serrasalmus sp.
References: Boeger & Kritsky (1988), Kritsky
(1996).
Palombitrema triangulum (Suriano, 1981)
Suriano, 1997 *
Hosts: C. modestus (Prevalence: 17% for Batalha
River and 47% for Peixe's River); C. nagelii
(Prevalence: 67% for Peixe's River)
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Specimens deposited: 338 L
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: C. gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), C.
nagelii, and C. modestus.
References: Vieira et al. (2013), Abdallah et al.
(2015).
Pavanelliella sp. **
Host: P. lineatus (NHR) (Prevalence:10%)
Specimen deposited: 337 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: nasal cavity
Other hosts: Ca l op h ys u s m a crop te r us
(Lichtenstein, 1819), and Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829).
References: Kritsky & Boeger (1998c).
Philocorydoras margolisi (Molnar, Hanek &
Fernando, 1974) Yamada, Brandão, Yamada & Da
Silva, 2015 **
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323
Host: S. insculpta (NHR) (Prevalence: 6.6%)
Specimen deposited: 313 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858).
References: Molnar et al. (1974), Boeger & Vianna
(2006), Yamada et al. (2015).
Rhinoxenus arietinus (Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher,
1988) *
Host: L. friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 9%)
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface
Other hosts: Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz,
1829, and Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876.
References: Kritsky et al. (1988), Domingues &
Boeger (2005), Guidelli et al. (2009), L. lacustris
(Campos, 1945).
Rhinoxenus curimbatae Domingues & Boeger,
2005 **
Host: P. lineatus (Prevalence: 13.3%)
Specimen deposited: 339 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: nasal cavity
Other hosts: P. lineatus.
References: Domingues & Boeger (2005), Boeger
& Vianna (2006).
Rhinoxenus piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher,
1988 *
Host: S. maculatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 70%)
Specimen deposited: 340 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface, gills, and nasal
cavity
Other hosts: P. nattereri, S. nattereri, Serrasalmus
altuvei Ramírez, 1965, and S. spilopleura.
References: Kritsky et al. (1988), Leão et al.
(1991), Iannacone & Luque (1993), Domingues &
Boeger (2005), Vital et al. (2011).
Sciadicleithrum sp. 1 *
Host: H. malabaricus (NHR) (Prevalence: 2.5%)
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: Gill
Other hosts: Aequidens coeruleopunctatus (Kner,
1863), A. fasciatus, Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy
& Gaimard, 1824), Piabucina panamensis Gill,
1877, Poecilia gillii (Kner & Steindachner, 1863)
Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), and
Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840).
References: Kritsky et al. (1989).
Tereancistrum ornatus Kritsky, Thatcher &
Kayton, 1980 **
Host: P. lineatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 33.3%)
Specimen deposited: 342 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills and nasal cavity
Other hosts: Prochilodus reticulatus Valenciennes,
1850
References: Kritsky et al. (1980).
Tereancistrum toksonum Lizama, Takemoto &
Pavanelli, 2004 **
Host: P. lineatus (Prevalence: 33.3%)
Specimen deposited: 341 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills and nasal cavity
Other hosts: P. lineatus.
Remarks: Lizama et al. (2004), Takemoto et al.
(2009), Chemes & Gervasoni (2013).
Trinibaculum altiparanae (Abdallah, Azevedo &
Silva, 2013)
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 50%)
Specimen deposited: 343 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: A. altiparanae.
References: Abdallah et al. (2013), Camargo et al.
(2016).
Urocleidoides sp.
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 13,3% for
Peixe's River); L. friderici (Prevalence: 15,5% for
Batalha River)
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: Characidium caucanum Eigenmann,
1912, Ctenolucius beani (Fowler, 1907), C.
argentea, H. malabaricus, Rhytiodus microlepis
Kner, 1858, and Saccodon dariensis (Meek &
Hildebrand, 1913).
Urocleidoides aimarai Moreira, Scholz & Luque,
2015 *
Hosts: H. malabaricus (NHR) (Prevalence: 5%), L.
friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 3%)
Specimen deposited: 316 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: H. aimara (Valenciennes, 1847).
Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(2), jul-dic Monogeneans parasites from Characiformes shes
References: Moreira et al. (2015).
Urocleidoides cuiabai Rosim, Mendoza-Franco &
Luque, 2011 *
Hosts: H. malabaricus (Prevalence: 22.5%); L.
friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 3%)
Specimen deposited: 314 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: body surface and gills
Other hosts: H. malabaricus.
References: Rosim et al. (2011), Graça et al.
(2013).
Urocleidoides eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher &
Boeger, 1986 */**
Host: H. malabaricus (Prevalence: 5% for Peixe's
River); L. friderici (NHR) (Prevalence: 3% for
Batalha River)
Specimen deposited: 317 L
Location: Batalha River and Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: H. malabaricus.
References: Kritsky et al. (1986), Iannacone &
Luque (1993), Boeger & Vianna (2006), Rosim et
al. (2011), Graça et al. (2013), Corrêa et al. (2013),
Alcântara & Tavares-Dias (2015), Gonçalves et al.
(2016).
Urocleidoides malabaricus Rosim, Mendoza-
Franco & Luque 2011*
Host: H. malabaricus (Prevalence: 7.5%)
Specimen deposited: 315 L
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: H. malabaricus, and Zungaro zungaro
( H u m b o l d t & Va l e n c i e n n e s , 1 8 2 1 )
(=Cephalosilurus zungaro).
References: Rosim et al. (2011), Kritsky &
Thatcher (1986), Graça et al. (2013), Gasques et al.
(2015).
Urocleidoides paradoxus (Kritsky, Thatcher &
Boeger, 1986) *
Host: L. friderici (Prevalence: 3%)
Location: Batalha River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: L. friderici, L. lacustris, Leporinus
obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837) e Leporinus
elongatus Valenciennes, 1850, and Rhytiodus
microlepis Kner, 1858.
References: Kritsky et al. (1986), Guidelli et al.
(2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Guidelli et al.
(2011).
Urocleidoides trinidadensis Molnar, Hanek &
Fernando, 1974
Host: A. altiparanae (Prevalence: 53.8%)
Specimen deposited: 344 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Other hosts: A. bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, and A.
altiparanae.
References: Molnar et al. (1974), Boeger & Vianna
(2006), Camargo et al. (2016).
Order Gyrodactylidea Bychowsky, 1937
Family Gyrodactylidae Van Beneden & Hesse,
1863
Gyrodactylidae gen. sp.
Host: T. angulatus (NHR) (Prevalence: 50%)
Specimen deposited: 323 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: gills
Gyrodactylus sp. 2 **
Host: A. altiparanae (NHR) (Prevalence: 13.3%)
Specimen deposited: 324 L
Location: Peixe's River
Site of infection: nasal cavity
Other hosts: Clupeiformes, Cyprinodontiformes,
Perciformes, Siluriformes, Characiformes
According Boeger & Vianna (2006), in the class
Monogenea, Dactylogyridae is the most abundant
in the waters of South America, followed by
species of Gyrodactylidae, which are
systematically being described, which
corroborates the results obtained in this study for
both rivers.
In this study, 25 monogenean species obtained
from nine species of hosts were found in both rivers
studied. Among the species of monogeneans
found, eight were present in both rivers. Jainus
hexops was the species that has the lowest parasitic
specificity in the Batalha River, being found in four
species and C. singularis was the one with the
smallest host specificity in Peixe's River, found in
three species of hosts. Monogeneans are a diverse
group of parasites that exhibit a relatively high
DISCUSSION
Neotropical Helminthology, 2017, 11(2), jul-dic Alves Dias et al.
324
degree of host specificity when compared to other
groups of parasites (Takemoto et al., 2009).
According Morand et al. (2002) one parasite that
infects a host species is considered a specialist,
while the parasites which infect multiple host
species may be considered generalist, having a
relationship between species richness and host
specificity of monogeneans, where high parasitic
richness communities are formed by specialists
and generalists, while low richness with
communities are formed by generalist species.
According to this quote, this work presents
communities with high parasite richness in both
rivers.
Some of the hosts studied in this work have also
been studying targets in other rivers and its
parasitic fauna was analyzed using species lists, as
is the case A. altiparanae, A. fasciatus, H.
malabaricus, L. friderici, S. insculpta, and S.
maculatus. When we compare the results obtained
in this study with those conducted in other rivers,
we observed that the diversity of monogeneans was
higher in Batalha River and Peixe's River for all
species, with the exception of A. fasciatus that
showed a higher diversity in the Amazon according
to Boeger & Vianna (2006). According to Kennedy
(1982), abiotic factors can affect the abundance
and prevalence of parasites. Among the main
abiotic factors can be cited depth, habitat,
environmental damage, pollution, temperature,
and composition of hosts community. Second
Sures (2008) parasites with direct life cycles are in
permanent contact with the water and are therefore
likely to have developed a resistance to changes in
water quality. Consequently, populations of such
monoxenous parasites are expected to be less
affected by changing environmental conditions
compared to heteroxenous parasites. These
comments corroborate with the results obtained in
this study, because in spite of the rivers Batalha
River and Peixe's River showed good water quality,
they are subject to different types of pollution and
have high diversity of monogeneans compared to
rivers like Paraná, Amazonas, and Guandu for the
species of fish studied in this work.
This study, in addition to expanding the
geographical distribution of many parasites, is also
increasing the number of hosts for some species.
We thank FAPESP (Process: 2011/22292-8,
2012/23655-0), CNPq (National Council for
Scientific Technological Research) and Capes for
financial support and fellowships. CNPq
(307808/2014-9), CNPq-PROTAX (440496/2015-
2) and FAPESP 2016/50377-1 support R.J. da
Silva.
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