85
Endoparasites of anurans in the seven cities national park
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Neotropical Helminthology
Neotropical Helminthology, 2025, vol. 19 (1), 85-91
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
FIRST REPORT OF
CAPILLARIA PLICA
RUDOLPHI, 1819 (NEMATODA:
ENOPLIDA: CAPILLARIIDAE) INFECTION IN A PUMA,
PUMA CONCOLOR
LINNAEUS, 1771 (CARNIVORA: FELIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL
PRIMER REGISTRO DE
CAPILLARIA PLICA
RUDOLPHI, 1819 (NEMATODA,
ENOPLIDA: CAPILLARIDAE) EN PUMA,
PUMA CONCOLOR
LINNAEUS, 1771
(CARNIVORA: FELIDAE) DEL SUR DE BRASIL
Rosiléia Marinho de Quadros
1,2
, Jary André Carneiro Júnior
2
, Beatriz Valgas Marques
1
,
Gabriela Elisa de Oliveira Chaves
1
, Madja Schvan Schmitz
1
, Max Farjallat Raffi
3
,
Vilmar Picinatto
3
& Ricardo Bassini-Silva
ISSN Versión Impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1403
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.62429/rnh20251911959
Universidad Nacional
Federico Villarreal
Volume 19, Number 1 (jan - jun) 2025
Este artículo es publicado por la revista Neotropical Helminthology de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico
Villarreal, Lima, Perú auspiciado por la Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Af nes (APHIA). Este es un artículo de acceso abierto,
distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) [https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
deed.es] que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citada de su fuente original.
ABSTRACT
Capillaria plica
Rudolphi, 1819, a parasitic nematode, infects the urinary tract of both domestic and wild carnivores.
Despite its global presence, clinical reports are rare in certain regions, including Brazil. T is study documents the f rst
occurrence of
C. plica
in a
Puma concolor
Linnaeus, 1771 (Puma) from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, marking the
f rst report of this parasite in the southern part of the country. Necropsy and urinary sediment analysis revealed the
presence of
C. plica
eggs and adult nematodes. T e parasite’s diagnosis is challenging due to its subclinical nature and the
dif culty in visualizing eggs and adults, especially in wild felids. T is case highlights the importance of urinalysis in wild
1
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
(Cav Udesc), Lages, SC, Brazil. e-mail: rosileia.quadros@udesc.br / bia.valgasm@gmail.com / gabriela.elisachaves@gmail.
com / madja.schmitz@edu.udesc.br
2
Laboratório de Zoologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense (UNIPLAC), Lages, SC, Brazil;
e-mail: rosileia@uniplaclages.edu.br / jary@uniplaclages.edu.br Sumatra Inteligência Ambiental, Lages, Santa Catarina,
Brasil. e-mail: max@sumatra.eco.br / vilmar@sumatra.eco.br
4
Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: ricardo.bassini@gmail.com
Rosiléia Marinho de Quadros:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-0289
Jary André Carneiro Júnior:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-0542
Beatriz Valgas Marques:
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6173-3070
Gabriela Elisa de Oliveira Chaves:
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5772-4263
Madja Schvan Schmitz:
https://orcid.org/ 0009-0009-3022-4172
Max Farjallat Raf :
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-6192
Vilmar Picinatto:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-5576
Ricardo Bassini-Silva:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9568-412
0
86
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Marinho de Quadros
et al.
carnivores for diagnosing urinary capillariasis and emphasizes the need for heightened awareness of this parasitic disease,
particularly in under-researched regions.
Keywords:
urinary capillariasis – wi
ld carnivores – nematode infection – South Brazil – veterinary diagnosis
–
parasitology
RESUMEN
Capillaria plica
Rudolphi, 1819
,
es un parásito nematodo que infecta el tracto urinario de carnívoros domésticos y
silvestres. A pesar de su presencia global, los informes clínicos son raros en ciertas regiones, incluido Brasil. Este estudio
documenta la primera ocurrencia de
C. plica
en un
Puma concolor
Linnaeus, 1771 (Puma) de Santa Catarina, en el sur
de Brasil, marcando el primer registro de este parásito en la parte sur del país. La necropsia y el análisis del sedimento
urinario revelaron la presencia de huevos y nematodos adultos de
C. plica
. El diagnóstico del parásito es un desafío
debido a su naturaleza subclínica y la difcultad para visualizar huevos y adultos, especialmente en felinos silvestres. Este
caso resalta la importancia del análisis de orina en carnívoros silvestres para diagnosticar la capilariasis urinaria y enfatiza
la necesidad de una mayor conciencia sobre esta enfermedad parasitaria, particularmente en regiones poco estudiadas.
Palabras clave:
Capilariasis urinaria – carnívoros silvestres – infección por nematodos – sur de Brasil – diagnóstico
veterinário – parasitologia
INTRODUCTION
Capillaria
Zeder, 1800 (Trichuroidea: Capillaridae) is
a genus of parasitic nematodes that infect mammals,
impacting the respiratory, urinary, hepatic, and intestinal
systems. Of these, only two species are known to afect
the urinary tract of both domestic and wild animals:
Capillaria plica
Rudolphi, 1819 and
Capillaria feliscati
Diesing, 1851 (Sréter
et al
., 2003). Te disease caused by
these species is known as urinary capillariasis.
Clinical cases of this disease have been reported in
the United States, Canada, and Mexico, as well as in
several European countries, including the Netherlands,
Denmark, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Slovakia, Serbia,
Greece, and Poland (Senior
et al.,
1980; Kirkpatrick
& Nelson, 1987; Van Veen, 2002; Saeed
et al.,
2006;
Callegari
et al.,
2010; Bork-Mimm & Rinder, 2011;
Ventura-Morales
et al.,
2012; Basso
et al.,
2014; Maurelli
et al.,
2014; Alić
et al
., 2015; Mariacher
et al.,
2016;
Mariacher
et al.
, 2018; Petersen
et al
., 2018; Aleksić
et
al.,
2020; Komorová
et al
., 2020; Pelligra
et al.,
2020;
Ilić
et al
., 2021; Sioutas
et al.,
2021; Miszczak
et al.,
2022).
Among these two species,
C. plica
stands out as the more
frequently encountered, commonly parasitizing domestic
dogs, red foxes, wolves, badgers (Miszczak
et al
., 2022),
bears (Mariacher
et al
., 2018), wild felids, and, less
commonly, domestic cats (Bédard
et al.,
2002; Callegari
et al
., 2010; Fernández-Aguilar, 2010; Bork-Mimm &
Rinder, 2011), as well as mustelids (Basso
et al
., 2014).
Te biological cycle of
C. plica
is indirect, involving
intermediate hosts such as earthworms. Te eggs, which
are found in the bladder lumen of defnitive hosts, measure
55–67 × 26–29 µm, are elongated and barrel-shaped,
with a thick shell and a polar plug at each end (Sioutas
et al
., 2021). Tese eggs are excreted in the urine into
the external environment, where they develop into frst-
stage larvae; when ingested by earthworms, these larvae
infect carnivores; after passing through the intestines, the
larvae develop into second-stage larvae, remaining in this
stage for 8 to 10 days before migrating to the bladder;
and there, they evolve into third- and fourth-stage larvae,
eventually maturing into adults (Fernández-Aguilar,
2010; Rossi
et al
., 2011).
Despite the indirect biological cycle of
C. plica
and its
typical asymptomatic nature, the parasite can lead to a
range of clinical symptoms in animals with signifcant
parasitic loads (Otranto, 2015). Animals infected with
a high parasitic load may present urinary tract disease
symptoms such as pollakiuria, dysuria, hematuria, urinary
incontinence resulting from infammatory reactions and
edema in the submucosa of the urinary bladder, as well as
pyelonephritis due to secondary bacterial infection (Bork-
Mimm & Rinder, 2011; Basso
et al
., 2014). According
to Callegari
et al
. (2010), the parasite may contribute to
glomerular amyloidosis. In rare cases, renal insufciency,
87
Capillaria plica
Rudolphi, 1819 in
Puma concolor
Linnaeus, 1771
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
painful bladder expansion, and urinary tract obstruction
may be observed (Sioutas
et al
., 2021). Te subclinical
nature and potential impact of
C. plica
on animal health
should be considered, and veterinarians should be aware
of this disease, even if it is uncommon (Dimzas
et al
.,
2024).
Te prevalence of this parasitosis varies according to the
hosts, geographical region, and season (Davidson
et al
.,
2006). Te diagnosis of
C. plica
is made by observing
the eggs in the urinary sediment, with urine collected
via cystocentesis being the best method to avoid
contamination from feces containing Trichuroidea
superfamily eggs (Dantas
et al
., 2008). Urinalysis may
show mild proteinuria, hematuria, and a slight increase
in transitional epithelial cells (Rossi
et al
., 2011). Tere
are no approved medications for the treatment for
this (Sant
et al
., 2020). In cases of clinical signs, the
recommended treatment is fenbendazole or ivermectin
(Pagnoncelli
et al
., 2011), and in severe cases with
bladder infammation, milbemycin may be indicated
(Sioutas
et al
., 2021).
Given its prevalence in both wild and domestic carnivores
across various regions, veterinarians should remain
vigilant in diagnosing this infection, even though it may
not always present with clear symptoms. Te fndings
of this study, which report the presence of
C. plica
in
the urine of wild felid, underscore the importance of
urinalysis in these animals as a key diagnostic tool,
further emphasizing the need for awareness and proper
management of this parasitic disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An adult male Puma,
Puma concolor
(Linnaeus, 1771), in
good body condition, weighing approximately 32 kg, was
found dead in May 2018 by the side of SC390 highway
in the city of Bom Jardim da Serra, in the state of Santa
Catarina, southern Brazil (geographical coordinates: 28°
20’ 13” S, 49° 37’ 29” W) (Figure 1).
Te animal was sent
by the Environmental Police to the Zoology Laboratory
of the Universidade do Planalto Catarinense (UNIPLAC)
for routine anatomopathological studies.
Figure 1
.
Location of the rescue of the feline along the SC-390 highway, in the city of Bom Jardim da Serra,
in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil.
88
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Marinho de Quadros
et al.
During the necropsy, a urine analysis was conducted as
there was liquid present in the bladder. Te collected
urine was centrifuged at 33.33 g/s, and the urinary
sediment was examined under an optical microscope
(Primostar 3 Zeiss at 20x and 100x magnifcation).
For histopathological analysis, small fragments of the
liver, heart, spleen, intestine, and kidney were collected
and fxed in a 10% formalin solution. Te preparation
process involved dehydrating the samples in a series of
alcohol solutions with increasing concentrations (70%,
80%, 90%, and 100%), clearing with xylene, and
embedding in parafn. Te tissues were then sectioned
using a microtome, producing slices 6 to 8 µm thick.
Tese sections were mounted on slides and stained with
eosin-hematoxylin-eosin. Te tissues were mounted on
slides, stained with eosin-hematoxylin-eosin, analyzed
using optical microscopy (Primostar 3 Zeiss at 20x and
100 x magnifcation). Te process for histopathological
analyses was carried out in the Pathology Laboratory of
the UDESC, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Ethic aspects
: Te report on the animal adhered to the
institutional policy for animal care.
RESULTS
Te histopathological examination revealed no lesions
in the bladder. However, during the microscopic
analysis of the urinary sediment, the presence of fliform
nematodes was observed (Figure 2a).
It was noted that
the species exhibited a very narrow esophagus, occupying
approximately one-third of the body length, with a
simple, unarmed mouth, key morphological traits that
help diferentiate
C. plica
from
C. feliscati
, as described
by Taylor
et al.
(2017). Te eggs, although present
in low numbers, displayed bipolar opercula, which is
consistent with
C. plica
(Figure 2b). Te urine also
contained exfoliated cells and leukocytes, indicating
signs of infammation. In histopathology, no signifcant
alterations in the tissues were found.
1
2
a
b
Figure 2.
Presence of
Capillaria plica
in urine
(a). Bioperculate egg of
Capillaria plica
in the urinary sediment (b)
.
DISCUSSION
Te infection by
C. plica
in carnivores, especially in
animals that inhabit urban and rural areas, is still poorly
documented, with reports limited to a few specifc
publications (Sioutas
et al
., 2021). In wild animals, the
diagnosis is even rarer, with egg detection in urinary
sediment analysis often occurring incidentally, since the
routine necropsy of these animals rarely includes the
examination of the urinary mucosa to identify eggs or
adult parasites (Senior
et al
., 1980).
Several studies highlight the prevalence of
C. plica
in
carnivore’s species. Fernández-Aguilar
et al
. (2010)
diagnosed the infection in the arctic fox,
Vulpes lagopus
(Linnaeus, 1758) associated with cystitis, and Bork-
Mimm and Rinder (2011) observed that the prevalence
in foxes can exceed 98%. Basso
et al.
(2014) suggest that
the increase in this infection in foxes, coupled with their
movement into urban areas, may represent a growing
risk for domestic dogs and cats, further emphasizing
the importance of including
C. plica
in the diferential
diagnosis of urinary disorders. Additionally, Takács
et al
.
(2014) diagnosed
C. plica
in 45% of the 20 necropsied
89
Capillaria plica
Rudolphi, 1819 in
Puma concolor
Linnaeus, 1771
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Golden Jackal,
Canis aureus
Linnaeus, 1758, highlighting
the high infection rate among canids.
Although these nematodes are little known in Brazil,
there are already reports of
Capillaria
spp. in the urine of
carnivores in the states of Rio de Janeiro (Guimarães
et al.
,
2020), Piauí (Silva
et al
., 2021), and Sergipe (Costa
et al
.,
2023). Tese fndings suggest that, although knowledge
about this parasitosis is still emerging in Brazil,
C. plica
may already be present in various regions.
Te diagnosis of urinary capillariasis in wild animals
is challenging due to host behavior and limitations in
necropsy routines. For better detection, it is essential to
perform a detailed examination of the urinary bladder
and collect urine samples for parasitic diagnosis.
Te Puma,
P. concolor
, one of the largest carnivore
species in the Americas, with a range from Canada
to South America, is one of the most endangered due
to hunting, deforestation, and population decline
(Labarge
et al.,
2022). In Brazil, its distribution is
restricted and uncommon, and these felids have been
forced to search for food in anthropogenic areas,
increasing the risk of contact with parasites. Terefore,
studies on the parasitic fauna of these animals are
crucial to understanding their health status and the
implications for domestic species.
Tis study represents the frst record of
C. plica
in the
state of Santa Catarina in a
Puma concolor
host, as well
as the frst report of this parasite in southern Brazil, a
region where data on this infection are still scarce. Te
detection of
C. plica
is challenging, not only due to the
difculty in visualizing its eggs but also in identifying
adult parasites, especially in wild felids. Terefore, it
is essential that, during post-mortem examinations,
veterinary professionals perform a thorough inspection
of the urinary bladder and collect urine samples to enable
the diagnosis of this parasitosis and contribute to the
monitoring of these animals’ health, as well as improving
the understanding of the distribution of
C. plica
in Brazil.
Author contributions
:
CRediT (Contributor Roles
Taxonomy)
RMQ
= Rosiléia marinho de Quadros
JACJ
= Jary André Carneiro Júnior
BVM
= Beatriz Valgas Marques
GEOC
= Gabriela Elisa de Oliveira Chaves
MSS
= Madja Schvan Schmitz
MFR
= Max Farjallat Raf
VP
= Vilmar Picinatto
RBS
= Ricardo Bassini-Silva
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