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Endoparasites of anurans in the seven cities national park
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Neotropical Helminthology
Neotropical Helminthology, 2025, vol. 19 (1), 113-119
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
RANGELIA VITALII
(CARINI, 1908) (APICOMPLEXA, PIROPLASMORIDA) IN
DOMESTIC DOG IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL: A CASE REPORT
RANGELIA VITALII
(CARINI, 1908) (APICOMPLEXA, PIROPLASMORIDA)
EN PERRO DOMÉSTICO EN EL SUR DE BRASIL: REPORTE DE CASO
R ANGELIA VITALII
(CARINI, 1908) (APICOMPLEXA, PIROPLASMORIDA)
EM CANINO DOMÉSTICO NO SUL DO BRASIL: RELATO DE CASO
Alexsander Ferraz
1*
, Laura Dias Petricione
2
, Eugênia Tavares Barwaldt
2
, Renata Fontes Ongaratto
1
,
T aís Cezimbra Reichow
1
, Wesley Porto de Oliveira
1
, Rodrigo Leite dos Santos
1
, Camila Moura de
Lima
2
, Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhm
1
& Leandro Quintana Nizoli
1
ISSN Versión Impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1403
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.62429/rnh20251911937
Universidad Nacional
Federico Villarreal
Volume 19, Number 1 (jan - jun) 2025
Este artículo es publicado por la revista Neotropical Helminthology de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico
Villarreal, Lima, Perú auspiciado por la Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Af nes (APHIA). Este es un artículo de acceso abierto,
distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) [https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
deed.es] que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citada de su fuente original.
ABSTRACT
Rangeliosis is an extravascular hemolytic disease caused by the piroplasm
Rangelia vitalii
(Carini, 1908). T is protozoan
is transmitted by ticks of the species
Amblyomma aureolatum
(Pallas, 1772) and infects erythrocytes, endothelial cells,
and leukocytes, leading to a variety of clinical signs such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,
jaundice, and bleeding from the nose, oral cavity, and ear tips. T is study aims to report a case of rangeliosis in a
domestic dog in southern Brazil. A female, adult, mixed-breed dog from a rural area was admitted to a Veterinary
Hospital. Clinical examination revealed necrosis of the ear tips with active bleeding and abdominal hematomas. After
a few days, the patient also developed jaundice, hematuria, bilirubinuria, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and epistaxis.
1
Federal University of Pelotas, Veterinary School, Department of Preventive Veterinary. Brazil.
2
Federal University of Pelotas, Veterinary School, Department of Veterinary Clinics. Brazil.
*
Corresponding author: xanderferraz@yahoo.com.br
Alexsander Ferraz:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-6249
Laura Dias Petricione:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-7577
Eugênia Tavares Barwaldt:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-1203
Renata Fontes Ongaratto:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4006-8830
T aís Cezimbra Reichow:
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0131-6685
Wesley Porto de Oliveira:
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8533-2592
Rodrigo Leite dos Santos:
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4631-9025
Camila Moura de Lima:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-705X
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhm:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-965X
Leandro Quintana Nizoli:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-4097
114
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Ferraz
et al.
Hematological analysis indicated anemia and thrombocytopenia, while biochemical tests revealed elevated serum urea
levels. Te defnitive diagnosis was confrmed through a stained blood smear, which revealed the presence of
R. vitalii
inside leukocytes and free in plasma. In addition to supportive treatment, doxycycline and imidocarb dipropionate were
administered. However, due to disease progression, the patient ultimately succumbed. Canine rangeliosis is likely an
underdiagnosed disease; therefore, it is crucial to consider it as a diferential diagnosis in patients presenting compatible
clinical manifestations and laboratory fndings, particularly in those from rural or forested areas or with access to such
environments.
Keywords:
bleeding – diagnosis – protozoan – rangeliosis – tick
RESUMO
Rangeliose é uma doença hemolítica extravascular, causada pelo piroplasma
Rangelia vitalli
(Carini, 1908). Este
protozoário é transmitido através dos carrapatos da espécie
Amblyomma aureolatum
(Pallas, 1772)
e
infectam eritrócitos,
células endoteliais e leucócitos, ocasionando uma variedade de sinais clínicos, como anemia, trombocitopenia,
esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia, icterícia e sangramento pelo nariz, cavidade oral e ponta de orelha. Este trabalho
teve como objetivo, relatar um caso de rangeliose em canino doméstico no sul do Brasil. Foi atendido num Hospital
Veterinário, um canino, fêmea, adulto, sem raça defnida, proveniente de área rural. No exame clínico, apresentava
necrose de ponta de orelhas com sangramento ativo e hematomas no abdômen, e após alguns dias começou a apresentar
também, icterícia, hematúria, bilirrubinúria, hemorragia subconjuntival e epistaxe. Anemia e trombocitopenia foram
observadas no hemograma, e no exame bioquímico, aumento dos níveis séricos de uréia. O diagnóstico defnitivo foi
obtido através do esfregaço sanguíneo corado, onde observou-se a presença de
R. vitalii
no interior dos leucócitos e livre
no plasma. Além do tratamento de suporte, foram utilizadas aplicações de doxiciclina e dipropionato de imidocarb,
porém, devido ao agravamento do quadro, o paciente acabou evoluindo para óbito. A rangeliose canina é possivelmente
uma doença subdiagnosticada, portanto, é importante que seja considerada como diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes
com manifestações clínicas e achados laboratoriais compatíveis, principalmente naqueles procedentes de áreas rurais ou
próximas a forestas ou que tenham tido acesso a estes locais.
Palavras chave:
carrapato
– diagnóstico – protozoário – rangeliose – sangramento
RESUMEN
La rangeliosis es una enfermedad hemolítica extravascular, causada por el piroplasma
Rangelia vitalli
(Carini, 1908).
Este protozoario se transmite a través de garrapatas de la especie
Amblyomma aureolatum
(Pallas, 1772) e infecta
eritrocitos, células endoteliales y leucocitos, provocando una variedad de signos clínicos como anemia, trombocitopenia,
esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia, ictericia y hemorragias por la nariz, cavidad oral y punta de las orejas. Este trabajo
tuvo como objetivo informar un caso de rangeliosis en un perro doméstico en el sur de Brasil. Fue atendido en un
Hospital Veterinario, un perro, hembra, adulta, sin raza defnida, proveniente de una zona rural. En el examen clínico,
presentaba necrosis en las puntas de las orejas con sangrado activo y hematomas en el abdomen, y después de algunos
días comenzó a presentar también ictericia, hematuria, bilirrubinuria, hemorragia subconjuntival y epistaxis. Se observó
anemia y trombocitopenia en el hemograma, y en el examen bioquímico, un aumento de los niveles séricos de urea. El
diagnóstico defnitivo se obtuvo a través del frotis sanguíneo teñido, donde se observó la presencia de
R. vitalli
dentro
de los leucocitos y libre en el plasma. Además del tratamiento de soporte, se utilizaron aplicaciones de doxiciclina y
dipropionato de imidocarb; sin embargo, debido al empeoramiento de la condición, el paciente terminó falleciendo.
La rangeliosis canina es posiblemente una enfermedad subdiagnosticada, por lo tanto, es importante considerarla como
diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos de laboratorio compatibles, especialmente
en aquellos provenientes de zonas rurales o cercanas a bosques, o que hayan tenido acceso a estos lugares.
Palabras clave
: diagnóstico – garrapata – protozoario – rangeliosis – sangrado
115
Rangelia vitalii
in domestic dog in southern Brazil
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
INTRODUCTION
Rangelia vitalli
(Carini, 1908) is a protozoan belonging
to the Phylum Apicomplexa and Order Piroplasmorida,
which infects canids. It is transmitted by ticks of the
species
Amblyomma aureolatum
(Pallas, 1772), leading to
extravascular hemolysis (Soares
et al.
, 2018).
Rangelia vitalii
infects erythrocytes, endothelial cells, and
leukocytes, causing a range of clinical signs such as anemia,
thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, fever, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, jaundice, and bleeding
from the nose, oral cavity, and ear tips (Silva
et al
., 2011;
Soares
et al
., 2011; Rodrigues
et al
., 2022).
While observing clinical signs is important, they are
nonspecifc and common to other hemoparasitic
diseases. Terefore, the defnitive diagnosis of canine
rangeliosis involves a combination of clinical, laboratory,
and imaging methods. Although clinical symptoms are
crucial, confrmation requires specifc laboratory tests.
Serological tests, such as indirect immunofuorescence
and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Soares
et al.
,
2011) and observation of parasites in peripheral blood
smear (França
et al
., 2010) are commonly used to
detect the presence of the protozoan in the animal’s
blood. Additionally, hematological analysis may reveal
characteristic changes, such as hemolytic anemia (Soares
et al
., 2015).
Treatment of rangeliosis typically involves the
administration of antiprotozoal drugs, such as imidocarb
dipropionate (Borrás
et al
., 2020). Furthermore,
supportive therapy is essential to address anemia and
other complications, and blood transfusions may be
necessary in severe cases (Loretti, 2012). Complete
recovery depends on the severity of the infection and the
individual response of each animal to treatment.
Terefore, the aim of this study was to report a case of
rangeliosis in a domestic canine in southern Brazil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A female adult, mixed-breed canine from a rural area
was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal
University of Pelotas; Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. In
the anamnesis, the owners reported that the animal was
apathetic, hypothermic, with ear lesions that were not
healing and were bleeding. Upon physical examination,
it was noted that the patient was thin, with pale pink
mucous membranes, and had fever (39.3ºC). Te clinical
exam revealed necrosis at the tips of the ears with active
bleeding (Figure 1A) and bruising on the abdomen and
around the body (with less intensity) (Figure 1B). A few
days after hospitalization, the abdominal hematoma
worsened, and the patient began to present with jaundice,
hematuria (Figure 1C), bilirubinuria (Figure 1D),
subconjunctival hemorrhage (Figure 1E), and epistaxis.
Complementary tests including a complete blood count,
biochemical analysis, imaging via ultrasonography,
and due to the clinical signs observed, a hemoparasite
investigation was also requested.
Figure 1.
Dog with rangeliosis
presenting ear tip necrosis (A),
abdominal hematomas (B),
hematuria (C), bilirubinuria
(D) and subconjunctival
hemorrhage (E).
116
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Ferraz
et al.
Ethic aspects:
Te authors argue that all national and
international ethical regulations were met.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the complete blood count performed on the day of ad
-
mission, macrocytic/normochromic anemia and thrombo
-
cytopenia were observed. Morphological evaluation revea
-
led anisocytosis, polychromasia, Howell-Jolly bodies, and
platelet aggregation. In the biochemical analysis, increased
urea levels (110.63 mg/dL) and icteric serum were noted.
With the worsening of clinical signs, additional hematolo
-
gical tests were conducted, which confrmed the progression
of the condition (Table 1). Abdominal ultrasonography re
-
vealed splenomegaly with enlargement of the splenic lym
-
ph nodes. Parasitized cells are recognized as foreign by the
mononuclear phagocytic system and are then removed from
the bloodstream in extra-vascular sites, such as the spleen
and lymph nodes, justifying the occurrence of splenome
-
galy and lymphadenomegaly in cases of immune-media
-
ted hemolytic anemia. Trough the examination of blood
smears stained for hemoparasite investigation, structures
compatible with
R. vitalii
were observed within leukocytes
and extracellularly (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Presence of
Rangelia vitalii
forms within leukocytes (A) and in the extracellular
environment (B), observed under light microscopy at 1000x magnifcation.
Eritrogram 1Eritrogram 2Eritrogram 3Reference value
Red blood cells
4.5 2.6 1.96 5-10 millions/ul
Hemoglobine
8.65.34.28 - 15 g/dL
Hematocrit
26.117.913.624 - 45 %
MCV
58.167.869.439 - 55 fL
MCHC
3329.630.931 - 35 %
Blood platelets
253813300 - 800 (10
3
/µL)
PPT
6.24.64.2 g/dL6 - 8 g/dL
MCV = Mean corpuscular volume; MCHC = Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration;
TPP = Total plasma protein.
Table 1.
Hematological tests of the dog diagnosed with rangeliosis.
Te erythrogram of animals infected with
R. vitalii
typically
exhibits fndings characteristic of hemolytic anemia. Tis
anemia is generally regenerative, ranging from normocytic/
normochromic to macrocytic/hypochromic (Rodrigues
et al
., 2022). Morphological abnormalities include
anisocytosis, polychromasia, spherocytosis, metarubricytosis,
and the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies. Additionally,
thrombocytopenia
and alterations in biochemical
117
Rangelia vitalii
in domestic dog in southern Brazil
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
parameters, such as elevated liver enzyme and bilirubin
levels, are also commonly observed (França
et al
., 2013).
Te main clinical signs presented by animals with
rangeliosis include fever, apathy, anemia, jaundice,
and splenomegaly (Fighera
et al
., 2010). Spontaneous
bleeding is also commonly reported, which is correlated
with intense platelet consumption, as this protozoan
has the ability to parasitize and damage the vascular
endothelium, potentially afecting the ears and skin
(Soares
et al
., 2018). Te clinical and hematological
fndings of the animal in this case report are consistent
with those described in the literature.
After the defnitive diagnosis, treatment was initiated with
imidocarb dipropionate (5 mg/kg IM) and doxycycline
(10 mg/kg SID). Due to the worsening of anemia
and clinical signs, supportive care was also provided,
including blood transfusion and fuid therapy, as well as
the administration of an antiemetic (maropitant citrate),
anti-infammatory (meloxicam), analgesic (tramadol),
and vitamin supplements. Te patient remained
hospitalized for 7 days, however, due to the worsening of
her condition, she ended up dying.
Te treatment of rangeliosis involves the use of
chemotherapeutic agents to eliminate the protozoan
from the host. Among the drugs reported for treating
canine rangeliosis are diminazene aceturate, imidocarb
dipropionate, and doxycycline (França
et al
., 2014).
Doxycycline is considered inefective when administered
alone (Quadros
et al
., 2015; Silva
et al
., 2019). However,
the combination of doxycycline with imidocarb
dipropionate has been found efective in the treatment
of rangeliosis (França
et al
., 2010). Blood transfusion and
Wsupportive fuid therapy are necessary in cases of severe
anemia (Loretti, 2012). Corticosteroid therapy may also be
required to manage immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
Rangeliosis mainly afects dogs from rural areas or those
with access to such environments due to the presence of
the tick
A. aureolatum
(Loretti & Barros, 2005; Fighera,
2007), the vector of the disease. Soares
et al.
(2018)
conducted a study to evaluate the vector competence
of
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
(Latreille, 1906) (tropical
and temperate lineages),
A. aureolatum
,
Amblyomma
ovale
(Koch,1844),
Amblyomma tigrinum
(Koch, 1844),
and
Amblyomma sculptum
(Berlese, 1888) for
R. vitalii
.
Among the six species, only
A. aureolatum
ticks were
competent to transmit
R. vitalii
to dogs.
Tere is a higher incidence of cases in the southern and
southeastern regions of Brazil, as reported by several
authors in the states of Santa Catarina (Rodrigues
et
al
., 2022), Rio Grande do Sul (Gottlieb
et al
., 2016;
Malheiros
et al
., 2016; França
et al
., 2010), Paraná
(Mongruel
et al
., 2017), Rio de Janeiro (Lemos
et al
.,
2012), and Minas Gerais (Moreira
et a
l., 2013). Cases
have also been reported in Argentina (Eiras
et al
., 2014)
and Uruguay (Soares
et al
., 2015).
It is also possible that a wild reservoir exists in the
biological cycle of
R. vitalii
, capable of maintaining this
protozoan without causing disease (Loretti
et al
., 2003).
In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, it is believed that this
parasite is sustained in the environment by wild animals
such as the crab-eating fox (
Cerdocyon thous
) (Linnaeus,
1758), the pampas fox or “zorro de campo” (
Pseudalopex
gymnocercus
) (Fischer, 1814), and the raccoon (
Procyon
cancrivorus
) (Cuvier, 1798) (Fredo
et al.,
2015).
Additionally, it is important to consider tick control, as
transmission occurs through
A. aureolatum
, highlighting
the need for more rigorous environmental and preventive
measures, such as the regular use of ectoparasiticides,
particularly in dogs from endemic areas. Silva
et al.
(2019) emphasize that efective prevention of tick
infestations can signifcantly reduce the incidence of
rangeliosis, especially in rural regions where dogs have
greater exposure to the vector.
Tis case report also raises questions about the possible
underreporting of rangeliosis in urban areas. Although
traditionally associated with rural regions, the expansion
of urban areas into previously tick-endemic regions
may be contributing to an increase in cases in urban
environments.
Canine rangeliosis is possibly an underdiagnosed disease,
as many professionals are unaware of its existence,
which may contribute to the underdiagnosis of
R. vitalii
infections in dogs. Terefore, it is crucial to consider
rangeliosis as a diferential diagnosis in cases presenting
with hemorrhage, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and
splenomegaly, particularly in patients from rural
areas, forested regions, or those with access to such
environments.
Author contributions: CRediT (Contributor Roles
Taxonomy)
AF
= Alexsander Ferraz
LDP
= Laura Dias Petricione
ETB
= Eugênia Tavares Barwaldt
118
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Ferraz
et al.
RFO
= Renata Fontes Ongaratto
TCR
= Taís Cezimbra Reichow
WPO
= Wesley Porto de Oliveira
RLS
= Rodrigo Leite dos Santos
CML
= Camila Moura de Lima
FRPB
= Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhm
LQN
= Leandro Quintana Nizoli
Conceptualization
: AF
Data curation
: AF, LDP, ETB
Formal Analysis
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR, WPO,
RLS, CML, FRPB, LQN
Funding acquisition
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR,
WPO, RLS, CML, FRPB, LQN
Investigation
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR, WPO, RLS,
CML, FRPB, LQN
Methodology
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR, WPO, RLS,
CML, FRPB, LQN
Project administration
: AF
Resources
: AF, LDP, LQN
Software
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR, WPO, RLS,
CML, FRPB, LQN
Supervision
: AF, LQN
Validation
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR, WPO, RLS,
CML, FRPB, LQN
Visualization
: AF, LQN
Writing – original draft
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR,
WPO, RLS, CML, FRPB, LQN
Writing – review & editing
: AF, LDP, ETB, CML, TCR,
WPO, RLS, CML, FRPB, LQN
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Received March 25, 2025.
Accepted May 5, 2025
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