23
Clinostomum marginatum
in
Poecilia reticulata
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Neotropical Helminthology
Neotropical Helminthology, 2025, vol. 19 (1), 23-31
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
FECAL EXAMINATIONS OF DOGS AND CATS RESCUED AND ADOPTED
FROM THE FLOOD IN PORTO ALEGRE, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL
EXÁMENES FECALES DE PERROS Y GATOS RESCATADOS Y ADOPTADOS
DE LA INUNDACIÓN EN PORTO ALEGRE, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL
Sandra Márcia Tietz Marques
1*
, Rafael Gustavo Tonin
2
& Elissandra da Silveira
3
ISSN Versión Impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1403
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.62429/rnh20251911898
Universidad Nacional
Federico Villarreal
Volume 19, Number 1 (jan - jun) 2025
Este artículo es publicado por la revista Neotropical Helminthology de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico
Villarreal, Lima, Perú auspiciado por la Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Af nes (APHIA). Este es un artículo de acceso abierto,
distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) [https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
deed.es] que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citada de su fuente original.
ABSTRACT
T e objective of this work is to report gastrointestinal parasitism in dogs and cats abandoned during the May 2024 f ood,
rescued and adopted in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. From June to October 2024, fecal samples from 93
pets (15 dogs and 78 cats) were analyzed using f ve parasitological techniques. Of the total number of pets (15 dogs and
78 cats), the frequencies of positive samples were 46.6% (7/15) and 43.6% (34/78), respectively, for dogs and cats. T e
parasites present in dogs were:
Ancylostoma caninum
(Ercolani 1859),
Trichuris vulpis
(Frolich 1789),
Cystoisospora felis
(Wenyon, 1923; Frenkel 1977), and
Toxocara canis
(Werner, 1782); in cats, they were:
T. canis
,
C. felis
,
Giardia
sp., larvae
of
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
(Railliet, 1898) and
Strongyloides
sp.,
A. caninum
,
Dipylidium caninum
(Linnaeus, 1758),
and
Dioctophyma renale
(Goeze, 1782). T ese results demonstrate the importance of parasitological diagnosis based on
the identif cation of parasites that can af ect not only animal health, but also human health.
Keywords
: emerging zoonoses – parasitic zoonoses – pet animal – prevention – helminth
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el parasitismo gastrointestinal en perros y gatos abandonados durante la inundación
de mayo de 2024, rescatados y adoptados em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. De junio a octubre de 2024 se
1
Laboratório de Helmintoses, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brasil. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre.
2
Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
3
. Base Aérea de Canoas, Força Aérea Brasileira. R. Augusto Severo, 1700 - Nossa Sra. das Graças, Canoas - RS, Brasil. CEP:
92110-390
* Corresponding author: E mail: santietz@gmail.com
Sandra Márcia Tietz Marques:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7541-9717
Rafael Gustavo Tonin:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9619-2144
Elissandra da Silveira:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-4723
24
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Marques
et al
analizaron muestras fecales de 93 mascotas (15 perros y 78 gatos) mediante cinco técnicas parasitológicas. Del total de
mascotas (15 perros y 78 gatos), las frecuencias de muestras positivas fueron del 46,6% (7/15) y del 43,6% (34/78),
respectivamente, para perros y gatos. Los parásitos presentes en los perros fueron:
Ancylostoma caninum
(Ercolani, 1859),
Trichuris vulpis
(Frolich, 1789),
Cystoisospora felis
(Wenyon, 1923; Frenkel, 1977) y
Toxocara canis
(Werner, 1782); en
gatos fueron:
T. canis
,
C. felis
,
Giardia
spp., larvas de
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
(Railliet, 1898) y
Strongyloides
sp.,
A.
caninum
,
Dipylidium caninum
(Linnaeus, 1758) y
Dioctophyma renale
(Goeze,1782). Estos resultados demuestran la
importancia del diagnóstico parasitológico basado en la identifcación de parásitos que pueden afectar no sólo la salud
animal, sino también la salud humana.
Palavras clave
: animal de companhia – helminto – prevención– zoonosis emergentes – zoonosis parasitarias
INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal parasites that more frequently occur in
dogs in Brazil are nematodes of the genera
Ancylostoma
spp.,
Toxocara
spp.,
Trichuris
spp. and
Strongyloides
spp., followed by the cestode of the genus
Dipylidium
(Berenger
et al
., 2021; Lima
et al
., 2021; Lopes
et al.
,
2021; Souza
et al.
, 2024). All these genera, with the
exception of
Trichuris
spp., contain species with zoonotic
potential of transmission, especially in the presence of
poor hygiene and sanitation conditions (Chomel, 2008)
to control active infections in the environment (Henke
et al.
, 2023).
Infections caused by
Toxocara
spp. and
Ancylostoma
spp.
can cause the zoonoses Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
and Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM), respectively.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is an infectious
syndrome caused by several
Ancylostoma
species; it is more
commonly transmitted by animal feces depositing eggs
in the soil, with larvae entering humans through direct
contact with skin (Maxfeld & Crane, 2024). Visceral
Larva Migrans (VLM) occurs due to the migration of
the second stage larvae of nematodes through the human
body’s viscera. It is an underdiagnosed condition that
usually afects the liver with eosinophilic abscesses and
that appears as coalescent and conglomerate cavities in
imaging exam (Kashyap
et al.
, 2024). Tey present a rare,
but grave risk, to humans (Huynh
et al.
, 2024). Migrans
cutaneous larva is unlike the cutaneous manifestation of
the infection by
Strongyloides stercoralis
(Bavay, 1876)
called
larva currens
, which demonstrates fast movement
through the skin (Patil
et al.
, 2024), and the intestinal
strongyloidiasis that afects about 100 million people
worldwide, being endemic in tropical and subtropical
regions (Merman
et al.
, 2016).
Prevalence of parasitic infection in dogs, confrmed
through stool samples, in European countries are variable,
with
Toxocara
spp. (1.7% – 22.4%) and
Ancylostoma
spp.
(2.0% – 8.6%),
Dipylidium caninum
(0.2% – 1.25%),
Cystoisospora
felis
(4.6% – 22.3%) and
Giardia
spp.
(3.8% – 51.6%) (Barutzki & Schaper, 2003; Riggio
et al.
, 2013; Kostopoulou
et al.
, 2017; Bourgoin
et al.
,
2022), while in Morocco, the general prevalence was
of 58%, with
Ancylostoma
spp. (31.9%),
Toxocara canis
(27.1%),
Cystoisospora
spp. (13.4%) and
Giardia
spp.
(7.2%) (Idrissi
et al.
, 2022).
In cats, the most frequent helminthiasis in Brazil is caused
by
Ancylostoma
spp., with a prevalence greater than 40%
(Melo
et al.
, 2021), but
Toxocara
spp. is the most common
worldwide parasite in cats, especially in young animals
(Marques
et al.
, 2020). Prevalences in cats in Brazil vary:
in the Southern region, an occurrence from 21% to
76.9% is reported (Marques
et al.
, 2017; Mósena
et al.
,
2019); in the Southeast, it varies from 18.1% to 50.64%
(Ramos
et al.
, 2020) and in the Northeast rates vary from
13.65% to 100% (Silva
et al.
, 2017).
Aelurostrongylus
abstrusus
(Railliet, 1898) is the most important nematode
that afects the respiratory system of domestic cats,
therefore being an important diferential diagnosis in
respiratory diseases (Crisi
et al.
, 2019; Fagundes-Moreira
et al.
, 2023). Te conditions that favor the development
of both eggs and larvae (exogenous development stages)
in the environment are similar to all helminths that infect
dogs and cats in tropical and subtropical regions and,
despite biological and transmission particularities of each
species, mixed infections occur frequently in these hosts
(Silva
et al.
, 2017).
Giardia
spp. Is the most frequent protozoosis in dogs
and cats and is included among the “Neglected Tropical
Diseases” of the World Health Organization (WHO),
25
Fecal examination of dogs and cats
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
due to its connection to poverty and poor sanitation
conditions. It is part of a group of diarrheal diseases
that cause serious socioeconomic problems in Least
Developed Countries (Souza
et al.
, 2024).
Cystoisospora
spp. frequently causes diarrhea, fever, dehydration,
and a decline in immunity. Te contamination of the
environment combined with the lack of basic sanitation
becomes an important factor that contributes to the
occurrence of this disease. Furthermore, its control is
made difcult given how easily the etiologic agent can
spread to dogs and cats; prevalence was of 24.73% in
household cats that had access to the outdoors in Porto
Alegre (Klimpel
et al.
, 2010; Marques
et al.
, 2017). Te
goal of this investigation was to determine, through stool
samples, the parasite infections present in adopted dogs
and cats, based on the unknown sanitation history, thus
being able to guide treatment and epidemiologic care.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Stool samples of 15 dogs (4 males, 11 females, 3 puppies
and 12 adults) and of 78 cats (68 males, 10 females, 3
kittens and 75 adults), with a total of 93, were analyzed
from June to October 2024. Tese animals were rescued
after being abandoned during the fooding that destroyed
and damaged many districts of Rio Grande do Sul in May
of 2024. Fig. 1 shows some examples of dogs and cats
that were rescued.
Figure 1
.
Examples of cats and dogs being rescued in the 2024 flooding in Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
, Brazil.
Figure 1
. Examples of cats and dogs being rescued in the 2024
fooding in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Samples were collected in two community shelters
in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Te animals underwent veterinary screening and
necessary exams before being put for adoption. Cats
and dogs sampled had their stool collected and sent
to the Laboratório de Parasitologia da Faculdade de
Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul (Laboratory of Parasitology of the Veterinary College
of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), in Porto
Alegre, where they were kept in a temperature of 39.2
°F and processed in a period no longer than 24 hours
with the following techniques: Willis-Mollay, Lutz,
Faust, Baermann and direct parasitological examination.
Te identifcation of the parasite genre was conducted
26
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Marques
et al
based on the morphologic characteristics of the eggs,
cysts, oocysts and larvae (Zajac & Conboy, 2012). Te
microscopy for each sample was observed with the use of
a binocular optical microscope Olympus® BX 41 with an
amplifcation of 100 × and, if necessary, 400 × to confrm
the protozoan parasites.
Ethic aspects
: For this study formal consent is not
required.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the study period, 465 stool sample exams were
performed with the previously mentioned techniques.
From the total of 93 animals rescued and adopted (15
dogs and 78 cats), the frequency of positive samples for
dogs was of 46,6% (7/15) and of 43,6% (34/78) for cats.
Table 1 describes the parasites detected in the specifc
methodologies for visualization and identifcation of
eggs, larvae, cysts and/or oocysts in stool samples.
Table 1.
Parasites diagnosed in stool samples of dogs and cats rescued in the fooding (May/2024) in Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Species Identifed parasite N (%)
Canine
Ancylostoma caninum
3 (20)
Ancylostoma caninum + Trichuris vulpis
2 (13.3)
Ancylostoma caninum + Cystoisospora felis
1 (6.7)
Ancylostoma caninum + Toxocara canis
1 (6.7)
Positive Samples7 (46.7)
Negative Samples 8 (53.3)
Total15
Feline
Toxocara canis
10 (12.8)
Cystoisospora felis
6 (7.7)
Giardia
spp.4 (5.1)
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
3 (3.8)
Strongyloides
sp. larvae2 (2.6)
Ancylostoma caninum
3 (3.8)
Giardia spp. + Cystoisospora felis
1 (1,3)
Giardia spp. + Toxocara canis
1 (1.3)
Ancylostoma caninum + Toxocara canis
1 (1,3)
Dipylidium caninum
2 (2.6)
Dioctophyma renale
1 (1.3)
Positive samples34 (43.6)
Negative samples44 (56.4)
Total78
Total93
Te presence of endoparasites in dogs and cats involves
matters of public health, since some parasite genera have
signifcant zoonotic potential. All seven infected dogs
(46.7%) presented eggs of potentially zoonotic agents.
In the stool samples of the 78 cats, the frequency of
gastrointestinal parasites was of 46.3%, with 22 animals
presenting zoonotic parasites. Prevalence rates in the
range of 50% in this relevant study impact on how
important parasitological diagnosis is both for human
and animal health. In some cases, it was not possible
to determine the origin of the animals since they were
taking shelter wherever they could in order to escape the
powerful fooding (over 4ft of water). Te catastrophic
situation did not allow many of these animal’s tutors to
stay with them, since many of these people had no home
to return to.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats in
Brazil vary, ranging up to 80%. Nevertheless, this report
is in accordance with other investigations (Marques
et
al.
, 2017; Silva
et al.
, 2017; Mósena
et al.
, 2019; Ramos
et al.
, 2020; Berenger
et al.
, 2021) for more important
27
Fecal examination of dogs and cats
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
In our routine practice, though, the collection of three
stool samples per animal is recommended.
In Rio Grande do Sul, a prevalence of endoparasites of
47.1% has been observed in household and shelter
cats, with
T. canis
and
Giardia
spp. being the biggest
occurrences (Pivoto
et al.
, 2013). In the city of Porto
Alegre-RS, a
T. canis
prevalence of 26,8% in the stool
samples of cats has been reported (Marques
et al.
, 2017;
Sarmento
et al.
, 2021). High prevalence rates for
Toxocara
spp. have been reported in Andradina-SP, 43.1% (Coelho
et al.
, 2009) and Lages-SC, 49.4% (Quadros
et al.
, 2014).
Henke
et al.
(2023) have described in a comprehensive
review that growing evidence suggests a potential
association between toxocariasis and chronic diseases
such as asthma, cases of cognitive and behavioral
disturbance (schizophrenia, neurodegenerative diseases
and epilepsy), making the investigation of the physio
pathological interactions between host and parasite in the
pathogenesis of many systemic disorders a true research
challenge. Tis observation is particularly important
when we take into consideration that helminthiases are
the etiology of millions of deaths, and take part in the
estimate to determine the number of Disability Adjusted
Life Years (DALY), that associate these diseases as the
cause for a lack in productivity of 6 to 35.3% in those
afected. Terefore, feces of infected dogs make parks,
squares, playgrounds, litter boxes and beaches the main
source of transmission to humans. E Huynh
et al.
(2024)
have described a case of hepatic larva migrans in a young
person caused by
T. canis.
Te lack of specifc clinical
signs was what stood out in general practice, which
leads to the importance of considering toxocariasis as a
diferential diagnosis in hepatic abscesses, especially in
regions of high seroprevalence, highlighting the need of
corroborative evidence, including invasive procedures
such as hepatic biopsy, for the precise diagnosis of hepatic
toxocariasis.
Unlike the treatment dispensed to cats and dogs with
parasitic diseases, treatment in humans varies according
to clinical symptoms and the location of larvae.
Molecular technologies can also help demonstrate
the importance of
T. canis
in public health, providing
new evidence to support the launching of control
programs, by national initiatives, that still need to be
developed. Many countries have developed programs
of reproductive control in household and stray dogs to
reduce the number of young dogs—more prevalent—
in the population. Te growth in human and canine
populations and, more recently, the population of cats in
the homes of Brazilians, populational movements as well
zoonotic helminths. Te reality of frequencies also applies
to the same helminths and prevalence rates, as published
in other countries (Barutzki
et al.
, 2003; Riggio
et al.
,
2013; Kostopoulou
et al.
, 2017; Bourgoin
et al
.
, 2022;
Idrissi
et al.
, 2022).
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
is the most important nematode
that afects the respiratory system of domestic cats, thus
being an important diferential diagnosis in diseases
that afect the respiratory tract (Fagundes-Moreira
et al.
,
2023). Diagnosis through the Baermann technique is
reliable and low cost.
Strongyloides
sp. larvae were present in the stool samples of
two cats, which is unusual in the routine of exams of this
laboratory. In literature, there are few reports of infection
by the currens larva, whose clinical signs are, frequently,
unspecifc. Patil
et al.
(2024) report that the proper
diagnosis and treatment with ivermectin is necessary,
especially when the patient is immunocompromised
and at higher risk of hyperinfection syndrome and
disseminated disease. Tis recent case justifes giving the
due attention to the presence of this parasite in animals
in close proximity to humans.
Giardiasis is a routine result in the laboratory as stool
samples of dogs and cats are run, and it can manifest
with typical signs such as feces with mucus or bloody
and smelly diarrhea, with or without vomiting.
Prevalence is high in young animals and can reach up to
50%. Tere are 8 diferent genotypes (assemblages) (A
- H). C and D are the most common ones in dogs and
the F assemblage is more frequent in cats. Nonetheless,
animals can also be infected by the zoonotically efcient
A and B assemblages or have multiple infections. Te
adoption of specifc hygiene habits is necessary and,
in case the pet presents with clinical signs, or lives in
the same household as high-risk patients, medication is
recommended (Kansky
et al.
, 2023). Kurnosova
et al
.
(2024) have investigated stool samples of 2761 dogs
and 1579 cats in order to determine infection rates
by
G. duodenalis,
that resulted in 18.2% (215/1182)
in dogs from 1 to 12 months and 3.8% (60/1579) in
dogs older than 12 months; for cats the infection rate
was of 7.8% (48/615) in cats from 1 to 12 months
and 3.35% (33/994) in cats >12 months. Te rate of
positive animals in this study was of 7.7% (6/78) in cats,
and even though our sampling is not big and cannot
be compared to that of the previously mentioned study,
the zoonotic aspect should be considered. In dogs,
prevalences vary uniformly in many studies, and in this
report with a sampling of 15 dogs, not one has tested
positive for giardiasis in the one stool sample collected.
28
Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
Marques
et al
as climate changes will help increase the importance of
this zoonosis (Macpherson, 2013).
Toxocariasis continues to be an important neglected
parasitic disease, as it is one of the most common
zoonotic infections caused by the parasite
T. canis
or,
less frequently,
T. cati
. Te disease’s epidemiology is
complex due to its transmission route by accidental
ingestion of eggs or embryonated larvae of
Toxocara
from domestic or wild paratenic host’s tissue. Although
the World Health Organization and the Centers of
Disease Control have classifed toxocariasis among the
six main parasitic infections of priority to public health,
global epidemiological data on the relationship between
seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited.
Infection by cutaneous larva migrans, caused by the
helminth of the genus
Ancylostoma
in humans, occurs
when the skin gets into contact with fomites contaminated
with the feces of dogs or cats. L3 stage has the capacity
to penetrate skin tissue through the action of an enzyme
known as hyaluronidase or through the hair follicle, sweat
glands and skin tears, popularly known as “geographic
worm” in Brazil due to its creeping eruptions (Soares
et
al.
, 2018; Lima
et al.
, 2021), and it can cause a series
of risks both for animal and human health, with severe
complications for both species. As a consequence, there
is a great need to control this disease in order to interrupt
its biological cycle. Many options can be taken to prevent
the transmission of this zoonosis and among them we
can quote the administration of anthelmintic drugs, that
can also be used therapeutically in infected animals. Te
drug resistance found in
A. caninum
is an emerging and
serious problem (Lima
et al.
, 2021). Despite anthelmintic
drugs being efcient in deworming, the fast reinfection
in endemic areas occurs due to the organism’s inability
to develop immunological anti-parasite memory, thus
requiring treatment in infected hosts to be repetitive
and resulting in helminth resistance to the available
drugs (Wang
et al.
, 2010). Prevention strategies include
educational programs, changes in behavior and hygiene
habits, enhancement of the role of the veterinarians,
and anthelmintic protocols to control active infections
(Marques
et al.
, 2020; Henke
et al.
, 2023).
Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases are one of the main
causes of infections in humans (Hall
et al.
, 2008). Tey
usually afect populations that do not have access to
basic sanitation, education, and are more socioeconomic
challenged, therefore accounting for a public health
problem in Brazil (Cirne & Cabrera, 2019). Every year,
about 3.5 billion of people are afected by these diseases,
and around 65 thousand people die, especially in Least
Developed Countries (Zamprogno
et al.
, 2015).
Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses
poses complex challenges that demand an integrated and
multidisciplinary approach. Terefore, ecological and
environmental modifcations need to be implemented
in order to reduce not only parasite load, but also the
risk of parasite transmission (Felix, 2020). In conclusion,
the climate tragedy that took place in part of the state
of Rio Grande do Sul, afecting millions of people and
animals, has confrmed the importance of One Health
actions to prevent and control zoonotic parasitic diseases,
promote programs to spay, neuter and deworm pets,
public policies and educational programs directed to the
more vulnerable communities.
Author contributions: CRediT (Contributor Roles
Taxonomy)
SMTM
= Sandra Márcia Tietz Marques
RGT
= Rafael Gustavo Tonin
ES
= Elissandra da Silveira
Conceptualization
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Data curation
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Formal Analysis
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Funding acquisition
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Investigation
: SMTM
Methodology
: SMTM
Project administration
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Resources
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Software
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Supervision
: SMTM, RGF, ES
Validation
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Visualization
: SMTM, RGT, ES
Writing – original draft
: SMTM, RGF, ES
Writing – review & editing
: SMTM, RGF, ES
29
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Neotropical Helminthology, Vol. 19, Nº1, jan - jun 2025
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Accepted February 22, 2025.