image/svg+xml
247
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Neotropical Helminthology
Neotropical Helminthology, 2023, vol. 17 (2), 247-258
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
HELMINTHS INFECTING THE CARVALHO’S ESCUERZO
ODONTOPHRYNUS CARVALHOI
FROM THE BRAZILIAN STATE OF CEARÁ
HELMINTOS QUE INFECTAN EL ESCUERZO DE CARVALHO
ODONTOPHRYNUS CARVALHOI
DEL ESTADO BRASILEÑO DE CEARÁ
HELMINTOS INFECTANDO O SAPINHO CARVALHO
ODONTOPHRYNUS
CARVALHOI
NO ESTADO BRASILEIRO DO CEARÁ
Tatiana Feitosa Quirino
1,*
; Dalilange Batista-Oliveira
2
; Matheus Calixto Saldanha
3
&
Robson Waldemar Ávila ¹
,2
ISSN Versión Impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1403
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24039/rnh20231721685
Volume 17, Number 2 (jul - dec) 2023
Este artículo es publicado por la revista Neotropical Helminthology de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico
Villarreal, Lima, Perú auspiciado por la Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Af nes (APHIA). Este es un artículo de acceso abierto,
distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) [https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
deed.es] que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citada de su fuente original.
1
Graduate Course in Systematics, Use, and Conservation of Biodiversity, Departament of Biology, Pici Campus, Federal
University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE Zip Code 60440-900, Brazil.
2
Graduate Course of Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Pici Campus, Federal University of Ceará,
Fortaleza - CE Zip Code 60440-900, Brazil.
3
Graduate Course Biology, Departament of Biology, Pici Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE Zip Code
60440-900, Brazil.
* Corresponding author:
tata_tatifeitosa@hotmail.com
Tatiana Feitosa Quirino:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-8705
Dalilange Batista-Oliveira:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-6643
Matheus Calixto Saldanha:
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8884-7015
Robson Waldemar-Ávila:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-8321
ABSTRACT
T e family Odontophrynidae comprises 40 anuran species widely distributed in South America, ranging from Brazil
to Argentina and Paraguay.
Odontophrynuscarvalhoi
Savage and Cei, 1965, a medium-sized species with terrestrial
habits and explosive reproduction, is one of the representatives of this family. Despite its extensive distribution, data
regarding its natural history are limited, with published information primarily focused on activity patterns, diet, and
defensive behavior. In this study, we present data on the composition and infection patterns of endoparasites associated
with
O. carvalhoi
in a relictual forest in the Brazilian state of Ceará. T e parasite community comprised 11 species,
with
Aplectana hylambatis
(76.67%) and
Oswaldocruzia mazzai
(79.49%) being the most prevalent. Additionally, we
report new occurrences of parasite species for
O. carvalhoi
, contributing to the understanding of the parasitic fauna
image/svg+xml
248
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
in the Neotropical region. Tese fndings underscore the importance of parasitological research for a comprehensive
understanding of the ecology and biology of this amphibian species.
Keywords
: Parasites – Amphibian – Odontophrynidae – Relictual forest
RESUMEN
La familia Odontophrynidae comprende 40 especies de anuros ampliamente distribuidas en América del Sur, desde Brasil
hasta Argentina y Paraguay.
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage & Cei, 1965, especie de tamaño mediano, hábitos terrestres
y reproducción explosiva, es uno de los representantes de esta familia. A pesar de su extensa distribución, los datos
sobre su historia natural son limitados, y la información publicada se centra principalmente en patrones de actividad,
dieta y comportamiento defensivo. En este estudio, presentamos datos sobre la composición y patrones de infección
de endoparásitos asociados con
O. carvalhoi
en un bosque relicto en el estado brasileño de Ceará. La comunidad de
parásitos estuvo compuesta por 11 especies, siendo
Aplectana hylambatis
(76,67%) y
Oswaldocruzia mazzai
(79,49%)
las más prevalentes. Además, reportamos nuevas ocurrencias de especies de parásitos para
O. carvalhoi,
contribuyendo al
conocimiento de la fauna parasitaria en la región Neotropical. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de la investigación
parasitológica para una comprensión integral de la ecología y biología de esta especie de anfbio.
Palabras clave:
Parásitos – Anfbios – Odontophrynidae – Bosque relicto
RESUMO
A família Odontophrynidae compreende 40 espécies de anfíbios amplamente distribuídas na América do Sul, abrangendo
desde o Brasil até a Argentina e o Paraguai.
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage e Cei, 1965, uma espécie de porte médio com
hábitos terrestres e reprodução explosiva, é uma das representantes dessa família. Apesar de sua distribuição extensiva,
dados sobre sua história natural são limitados, com informações publicadas concentradas principalmente em padrões de
atividade, dieta e comportamento defensivo. Neste estudo, apresentamos dados sobre a composição e padrões de infecção
de endoparasitas associados a
O. carvalhoi
em uma foresta relictual no estado brasileiro do Ceará. A comunidade de
parasitas incluiu 11 espécies, sendo
Aplectana
hylambatis
(76,67%) e
Oswaldocruzia
mazzai
(79,49%) as mais prevalentes.
Adicionalmente, relatamos novas ocorrências de espécies de parasitas para
O. carvalhoi
, contribuindo para a compreensão
da fauna parasitária na região Neotropical. Essas descobertas destacam a importância da pesquisa parasitológica para uma
compreensão abrangente da ecologia e biologia dessa espécie de anfíbio.
Palavras-chave
: Helmintos – Anfíbio – Odontophrynidae – Floresta relictual.
image/svg+xml
249
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
INTRODUCTION
Te family Odontophrynidae is composed by 40 anuran
species widely distributed in South America, from Brazil
to Argentina and Paraguay (Segalla
et al
., 2019; Mângia
et al
., 2020; Frost, 2021). Te genus
Odontophrynus
Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862, currently have 12 species
(Frost
et al
., 2017) belonging to three phenetic groups
(Savage & Cei, 1965; Caramaschi, 1996; Caramaschi
& Napoli, 2012):
O. americanus, O. cultripes
and
O.
occidentalis
. Besides,
O. salvatori
actually is not allocated
to any group (Amaro
et al.,
2009).
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
, belongs to
O. cultripes
group, was
described by Savage & Cei, 1965, from a single specimen
collected in Poção municipality, state of Pernambuco,
Brazil. Its distribution encompasses the Jequitinhonha
River valley, in Minas Gerais state, to northeastern Goiás
state and Ceará state in the north, in phytophisiognomies
of Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes (Juncá,
2006; Lisboa
et al
., 2010; Caramaschi & Napoli, 2012;
Dias
et al
., 2014; Santos
et al.,
2017).
It is a medium sized species, with terres
-
trial habits and explosive reproduction
(Lynch, 1971; Freitas & Silva, 2004; Caramaschi & Napoli,
2012). Tadpoles are laid in small streams inside forested habitats
(Santos
et al
., 2017).
Despite its huge distribution, data on
natural history of
O. carvalhoi
are scant, with published
information abou
t activity patterns and diet (Brito
et al
.,
2012) and defensive behavior (Bezerra
et al
., 2010; Borges-No
-
josa
et al
., 2016). Until now, there is no information regarding
endoparasites
infecting
O. carvalhoi
, and several studies
pointed out the importance of knowledge of parasites
given the role of these organisms in ecosystem regulation.
In particular, the diversity of helminths associated with
amphibians is considered rich and diversifed, although it
is a hidden diversity and therefore undersampled (Poulin,
2014; Campião
et al.
, 2014).
Herein, we present data on composition and infection
patterns of endoparasites associated with
O. carvalhoi
from a relictual forest in the Brazilian state of Ceará.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Tis study was carried out in the municipality of
Guaramiranga, located at the Baturité massif, northern
Ceará state, Brazil. Its mountainous relief, dissected
forming small valleys, covered by rainforest vegetation,
is classifed as a remnant of the Atlantic Forest. Altitude.
The annual rainfall has an average of 1737.5 mm/year,
with a rainy season from January to May. Its average
temperature ranges from 24º to 26ºC (Vale & Soares,
2006; IPECE, 2017).
Field work was taken in three sampling points:
Guaramiranga farm (04º15’54,91” S; 38º56’00,24”
W), Álvaro farm (04º17’17,29” S; 38º57’00,05” W),
Riacho Fundo farm (04º15’42,86” S; 38º55’07,57” W),
Parque das Trilhas (04º16’13,63” S; 38º56’19,10” W),
Vale das Nuvens (4º16’05,10” S; 38º54’54,96” W) and
Pernambuquinho farm (04º12’19,73” S; 38º 57’37,70”
W) . We used specimens collected from 1994 to 2022,
that are deposited in the Herpetological Collection of
the Universidade Federal do Ceará (CHUFC-A 2.918,
3.738-39, 3.740-41, 3.769-73, 3.799, 3.864, 3.875-
76, 9.961-70, 10.275-81, 10.283-10.288, 10.999), and
Herpetological Collection of the Universidade Regional
do Cariri (URCA-H 16.041), Ceará state, Brazil.
Tirty-nine individuals of
O. carvalhoi
were collected by
hand through active and auditory searches (Bernarde,
2012). Te specimens were placed in separate containers
and euthanized by a lethal injection of lidocaine (CFMV,
2013), fxed with 10% formalin according to Callefo
(2002). Morphometric measurements of hosts were taken
with a digital caliper Mitutoyo® (precision 0.01 mm).
Te specimens were necropsied with a midventral
incision and all organs and coelomic cavity were
searched for helminths. Parasites found were preserved in
70% ethanol, fxed according Amato
et al.
(1991) and
Andrade (2000), and mounted in temporary slides for
identifcation. For identifcation, we follow Yamaguti
(1961), Sprent (1978), Vicente
et al.
(1991), Anderson
(2000) and Gibbons (2010), as well recent descriptions.
Slides were analyzed under microscope with computerized
image analysis system. Voucher helminths were deposited
at Coleção Parasitológica of the Universidade Federal
do Ceará. Parasitological descriptors (prevalence, mean
intensity of infection and abundance) were calculated
according to the specifcations of Bush
et al.
(1997).
To evaluate the impact of host size on infection intensity,
we employed linear regression. Diferences in the
prevalence and intensity of infection between genders
were assessed using the chi-square method. Te analyses
were conducted on the R platform, “Commander R”
package (R CORE TEAM, 2022, version 4.2.0) (R
Foundation, 2017).
Ethic aspects: Tis study was approved by the Ethics
Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of
Ceará (CEUA-UFC) under the protocol 6314010321.
image/svg+xml
250
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
RESULTS
We examined 39 specimens of
O. carvalhoi
, being 16
males and 23 females, which are infected with at least
one endoparasite species (overall prevalence 84,97%). We
found 5.681 helminths, with mean intensity of infection
153.54 ± 32.38. Parasite community was composed by 11
species:
Aplectana hylambatis
(Baylis, 1927),
Oswaldocruzia
mazzai
Travassos, 1935,
Cosmocerca brasiliense
Travassos,
1925,
Gorgoderina parvicava
Travassos, 1922,
Physaloptera
sp.,
Raillietnema
sp.,
Rhabdias
sp.,
Strongyloides
sp.,
Parapharyngodon
sp.,
Oxyascaris
sp.
and
Ochoterenella
sp.,
besides Cosmocercidae larvae. Te most prevalent taxa
were
A. hylambatis
(76.67%) and
O. mazzai
(79.49%),
being the frst one with the higher abundance (102.49)
and mean intensity of infection (121.12).
G. parvicava
,
Strongyloides
sp. and
Parapharyngodon
sp. have the lower
prevalence (2.56%) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Hosts, number of helminths (NH), mean abundance (MA), mean intensity of infection (MII) with standard
error (SE), intensity of infection amplitude (IIA) and infection site (IS) of helminths associated with
Odontophrynus
carvalhoi.
HelminthNHMA±SEMII±SEIIAIS
Aplectana hylambatis
3692
1
02
.
49
±
2
4.
57
1
21
.12±
27
.
87
1-725
B/
E/IG/ID
Oswaldocruzia mazzai
6187
9.
49
±1
5
.8519.
94
±
9
.941-312E/IG/ID
Cosmocerca brasiliense
110.28±0.25.5±0.55-6ID
Gorgoderina parvicava
50.13±0.1355B
Physaloptera
sp.2195
.62±
1
.
9215
.
64
±
4
.
28
1-52E/IG/ID
Oxyascaris
sp.20.05±0.0411IG/ID
Raillietnema
sp.2737
.
0±6.4
91.0
±79.251-
2
4
9B/ID
Rhabdias
sp.1393
.56±
0
.
836
.
04
±1.151-21P/F/E
Strongyloides
sp.2
0.05
±0.05
22ID
Parapharyngodon
sp.1
0.0
3±0.03
11IG
Ochoterenella
sp.414
1
0
.6
2
±
5
.
3418
.
82
±
9
.
17
1-205CAV/B/F/C/
ID
Mean richness was 3.41 ± 0.23 helminths/hosts, and
the higher richness (S=6) was found in a single host.
Tere was an infuence of host size on mean intensity of
infection (r=0.48; p<0.05; n=39). As for the infuence
of size on the average intensity of infection between the
sexes, we can observe that were signifcant for males and
females (r=0.56; p<0.05; n=16, r=0.47; p<0.05; n=23,
respectively).
DISCUSSION
Helminths community associated with amphibians are
characterized by generalist species (Aho, 1990). Low host
specifcity, combined with the general lack of studies with
Neotropical amphibian species, are often the main causes
of new host records (Campião
et al
., 2015; Oliveira
et
al
., 2019). In Brazil, species of Odontophrynidae still
need further studies to understand what are the host
specifcities and patterns of infection and abundance
(Campião
et al
., 2014).
Species of
Aplectana
are usually found infecting the large
intestine of reptiles and amphibians, have a direct life cycle
and actively infect their hosts (Travassos, 1931; Anderson,
2000; Campião
et al.,
2014; Lins
et al.,
2017). Tis
genus has been already reported in four odontophrynids:
Proceratophrys tupinamba
Prado and Pombal, 2008 and
P.
boiei
(Wied-Neuwied, 1824) infected by
A. delirae
Fabio,
1971 (Boquimpani-Freitas
et al
., 2001; Klaion
et al
.,
2011), and
P. cristiceps
(Silva
et al
., 2019; Sampaio
et al
.,
2020) and
Odontophrynus americanus
Duméril & Bibron,
1841, infected by
A. membranosa
(Lent & Freitas, 1948).
Aplectana hylambatis
is a generalist species that parasitizes
a wide range of hosts. In the Neotropical region it has been
observed in diferent countries and families of anurans
such as Bufonidae, Leptodactylidae, Ceratophryidae e
Microhylidae from Peru (Bursey
et al
., 2001); Bufonidae,
Mycrohylidae, Leiuperidae, Leptodactylidae and Hylidae
from Paraguay (Masi Pallares & Maciel, 1974; Baker &
Vaucher, 1986); Bufonidae from Uruguay (Lent & Freitas,
1948); Bufonidae, Leptodactylidae and Leiuperidae from
Argentina (Gutiérrez, 1945; Sueldo & Ramírez, 1976;
image/svg+xml
251
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Ramírez
et al.,
1979; Baker, 1980; González & Hamann,
2006, 2010). In Brazil, it was reported infecting Hylidae,
Microhylidae and Leptodactylidae at São Paulo and Mato
Grosso do Sul states (Campião
et al
., 2016; Aguiar
et al
.,
2021).
Cosmocerca
Diensing, 1861, is a genus that pursues a
wide geographic distribution and is commonly found as
parasites of amphibians (Navarro
et al
., 1988).
Cosmocerca
brasiliense
can infect amphibian hosts by ingestion of
an infective larvae (L3) or penetration through the
skin (Goldberg
at al.,
2002a). After infection, larvae
migrate to the host intestine, reaching sexual maturity.
Tis species has been recorded parasitizing many hosts
in South America, such as Ecuador (Dyer & Altig,
1976; Mcallister
et al.,
2010a), Guiana (Mcallister
et
al.,
2010b) and Peru (Bursey
et al.,
2001). In Brazil, it
was reported by Travassos (1925); Vicente
et al.
(1991);
Boquimpani-Freitas
et al.
(2001); Martins & De Fabio
(2005); Goldberg
et al
. (2007); Santos
et al.
(2013),
(2016); Aguiar
et al.
(2014); Klaion (2011); Campião et
al. (2014); Oliveira
et al.
(2022).
Oswaldocruzia mazzai
infect several anurans (e.g.,
Campião
et al
., 2014; Teles
et al
., 2015; Alcantara
et
al
., 2018; Oliveira
et al
., 2019), but we reported for the
frst time the infection of this nematode
in the genus
Odontophrynus
. Te great host diversity recorded for
O.
mazzai
is related to the direct life cycle and the simple
mode of transmission that can occur by ingestion of eggs
or larval penetration of the host’s skin (Anderson, 2000).
Te genus
Gorgoderina
Looss, 1902, includes 57 species,
all of them described as parasites of the bladder of
anurans and salamanders. In Brazil, seven species of
this genus are known.
G. parvicava
is well distributed
in Neotropical region and has already been reported as
parasites of several anurans in Brazil, such as
Leptodactylus
chaquensis,
Cei, 1950,
L. labyrinthicus
, (Spix, 1824),
L.
latrans
(=
L. ocellatus
) (Stefen, 1815),
L. pentadactylus
,
(Laurenti, 1768),
Rhinella crucifer
, (Wied-Neuwied,
1821),
R. diptycha
, (Cope, 1862),
R. icterica
, (Spix,
1824),
R. marina
, (Linnaeus, 1758),
Pseudis paradoxa
(Linnaeus, 1758), and
Pristimantis relictus
Roberto
et al.,
2022, (Alcantara
et al.
, 2022; Oliveira
et al
., 2022).
Nematodes of the genus
Physaloptera
have a worldwide
distribution and have been recorded in several terrestrial
vertebrates, including felines (Ogassawara, 1986),
rodents (Tung
et al
., 2009), lizards (Da Silva
et al
., 2008,
Cabral
et al
., 2018) and anurans (Da Graça
et al.,
2017).
In amphibians, this parasite is usually found in the
larval stage, making it difcult to identify at the species
level, and it is suggestive that these amphibians are not
defnitive hosts. Although there is not enough data on
their life cycle, nematodes of this genus are known to
utilize insects during their intermediate phase (Anderson,
2000). Additionally, the acquisition of
Physaloptera
by
anuran hosts occurs through the ingestion of infected
insects, mainly Orthoptera (Klaion
et al
., 2011).
Raillietnema
sp. is known to have a direct life cycle and
transmission that occurs via ingestion or penetration of
larvae through the skin (Anderson, 2000). Studies have
reported the presence of this parasite infecting
P. aridus
(Teles
et al
., 2017), as well as infecting lizards. Te species
R. spectans
(Bursey
et al.,
1998), are the most frequent in
anurans (Vicente
et al
., 1991; Teles
et al
., 2015).
Te specifc identifcation of the
Rhabdias
found here
was not possible, because there is high morphological
similarity, which makes molecular data useful in species
recognition (Müller
et al
., 2018). Nematodes of this
genus are lung parasites, commonly infecting amphibians
and reptiles, by direct transmission and infection occurs
by active penetration into the skin of hosts (Langford &
Janovy, 2009; Kuzmin
et al
., 2015).
Although the life cycle of
Strongyloides
is not known,
it can be considered a direct or indirect cycle, the frst
being the most common (Santos et al., 2010). Infection
occurs on land through skin penetration or ingestion
of infected prey (Mati & Melo, 2014; Sulieman
et
al
., 2015). Although there are several records of this
nematode infecting amphibian species (Campião
et al.,
2014; Sulieman
et al.,
2015; Mascarenhas
et al.,
2021),
this is the second record of the genus
Strongyloides
acting
as a parasite for species of the Odontophrynidae family
and the frst for
O. carvalhoi
.
Parapharyngodon
Chatterji, 1933, is a genus of parasitic
nematodes with monoxenic cycle (Anderson, 2000).
Tese have already been registered in amphibian species
(Pereira
et al.,
2017), being commonly found in reptiles
(Avila & Silva, 2010).
Ochoterenella
is reported from South and Central
America, with several species known only from females
and larvae. Te genus is remarkably diverse in bufonids
such as
Rhinella marina
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Travassos,
1929; Caballero, 1944; Bain & Prod’Hon, 1974; Bain
et al.,
1979; Esslinger 1986, 1987, 1988a, b, 1989),
while only two of 15 species have been described for
Leptodactylidae with few records for hylids (Lima
et al.,
2012).
image/svg+xml
252
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
Oxyascaris
genus was reported parasitizing the digestive
system of anurans and reptiles from Paraguay, Argentina
and Costa Rica. In Brazil, species of this genus were
recorded in Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae,
Phyllomedusidae and Cycloramphidae anuran families
(Freitas, 1958; Baker & Vaucher, 1985; Luque
et al.,
2005; Bursey & Goldberg, 2007; Lux-Hoppe
et al
., 2008;
González & Hamann, 2008; Goldberg & Bursey, 2008a;
Goldberg & Bursey, 2008b; González, 2009; Bursey &
Goldberg, 2010; Klaion
et al.,
2011; Santos
et al
., 2013;
Campião
et al.,
2014, 2016; De Sena et al., 2018; Felix-
Nascimento
et al
., 2020). Despite being recorded only in
Neotropical hosts, very little is known about its life cycle
and how transmission occurs.
In recent years, there is an increase in studies of helminths
associated with amphibians (Campião
et al.,
2016a, b;
Lins
et al.,
2017; Teles
et al.,
2017; Leivas
et al.,
2018;
Alcantara
et al
., 2018; Oliveira
et al.
2019; Mascarenhas
et al.,
2021), with new host records being quite common.
In this study, we present new records of parasite species for
the species of
O. carvalhoi
, contributing to the knowledge
of the parasitic fauna of the Neotropical region.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Te authors thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científco e Tecnológico (CNPq) for providing a research
fellowship to (R.W.A., 303622/2015-6; 305988/2018-2;
307722/2021-0); To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento
de Pessoal de Nível Superior- Brasil (CAPES) and
Fundação Cearense de Apoio Científco e Tecnológico
FUNCAP for the doctoral scholarship (Finance Code
001). To Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da
Biodiversidade – ICMBio for collecting permits (SISBIO
29613).
Author contributions: CRediT (Contributor Roles
Taxonomy)
TFQ
= Tatiana Feitosa Quirino
DBO
= Dalilange Batista-Oliveira
MCS
= Matheus Calixto Saldanha
RWA
= Robson Waldemar Ávila
Conceptualization
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Data curation
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Formal Analysis
: RWA
Funding acquisition
: TFQ, DBO, RWA
Investigation
: TFQ
Methodology
: TFQ, DBO, MCS
Project administration
: TFQ
Resources
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Software
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Supervision
: RWA
Validation
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Visualization
: TFQ, DBO, MCS, RWA
Writing – original draft
: TFQ, DBO, MCS
Writing – review & editing
: RWA
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Aguiar, A., Morais, D.H., Silva, L.A.F., & Silva, R.J. (2015). Te frst report of
Aplectana hylambatis
(Nematoda:
Cosmocercidae) associated with
Dermatonotus muelleri
(Anura: Microhylidae) from Brazil.
Herpetological Review,
46
(3), 336-338.
Aho, J.M. (1990). Helminth communities of amphibians and reptiles: comparative approaches to understanding patterns
and process. In Esch, G.W., Bush, A.O. & Aho, J.M. (Eds.).
Parasite communities: patterns and process.
London:
Chapman and Hall. p. 157-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0837-6_7.
Alcantara, E.P., Ferreira-Silva, C., Silva, L.A.F., Lins, A.G.S., Ávila, R.W., Morais, D.H. & Silva, R.J. (2018). Helminths
of
Dermatonotus muelleri
(Anura: Microhylidae) from Northeastern Brazil.
Journal of Parasitology
. 104(6), 550-
556.
Alcantara, E. P., Úngari, L. P., Muller, M. I., Ferreira-Silva, C., Emmericha, E., O’Dwyera, L. H., & Silva, R. J.
(2022). Phylogenetic position of
Gorgoderina
parvicava Travassos, 1922 (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), a parasite
of
Leptodactylus
labyrinthicus
(Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Brazil.
Brazilian Journal of Biology
,
82
.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.263745.
image/svg+xml
253
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Amaro, R. C., Pavan, D., & Rodrigues, M. T. (2009). On the generic identity of
Odontophrynus
moratoi
Jim e Carmaschi,
1980 (Anura, Cycloramphidae).
Zootaxa, 2071
, 61-68.
Amato, J. F. R., Boeger, W. A., & Amato, S. B. (1991).
Protocolos para laboratório-coleta e processamento de parasitos de
pescado.
Imprensa Universitária,
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro.
Anderson, R.C. (Ed.). (2000). N
ematode parasites of vertebrates, their development and transmission.
Cab. International.
Andrade, C.M. (2000).
Meios e soluções comumente empregados em laboratórios
. Editora Universidade Rural.
Bain, O., & Prod’hon, J. (1974). Homogenéité des flaires de batraciens des genres
Waltonella, Ochoterenella
et
Madochotera
; création des Waltonellinae n. subfam.
Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
,
49
, 721–739.
Bain, O., Kim, D.C. & Petit, G. (1979). Diversité spécifque des flaires du genre
Waltonella
coexistant chez
Bufo
marinus
.
Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
,
4
ème
série,
1
, 199–212.
Baker, M.R. (1980). Revision of Old World species species of the genus
Aplectana
Raillet & Henry, 1916 (Nematoda,
Cosmocercidae).
Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
,
Paris, Sect. A 2
, 955-998.
Baker, M.R., & Vaucher, C. 1985. Parasitic Helminths from Paraguay VII: Systematic position of
Oxyascaris
Travassos,
1920 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae).
Revue Suisse Zoologie
,
92
, 303-310.
Baker, M.R., & Vaucher, C. (1986). Parasitic helminths from Paraguay XII:
Aplectana
Raillet and Henry, 1916
(Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) from frogs.
Revue suisse de Zoologie
,
93
, 607-616.
Bernarde, P.S. (2012). Anfíbios e répteis: introdução ao estudo da herpetofauna brasileira.
Anolis Books
.
Bezerra, L., Aguiar, F., & Cascon, P. (2010).
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
: Defense.
Herpetological Review
,
41
, 477.
Boquimpani-Freitas, I.D., Vrcibradic, D., Vicente, J.J., Bursey, C.R., Rocha, C.F.D., & Sluys, M.V. (2001). Helminths
of the horned leaf frog,
Procetatophrys appendiculata
, from southeastern Brazil.
Journal of Helminthology
,
75
, 233-
236.
Borges-Nojosa, D. M., Carvalho Jr, R.R., Borges-Leite, M.J., Lima, D. C., Melo, J.C.L., & Cascon, P. (2016). Defensive
behaviors in two species of
Odontophrynus
Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862 (Anura: Odontophrynidae).
Herpetology
Notes
,
9
, 67-71.
Brito, L., Aguiar, F., & Cascon, P. (2012). Diet composition and activity patterns of
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage &
Cei, 1965 (Anura, Cycloramphidae) from a humid tropical rainforest in northeastern Brazil.
Journal of herpetology
,
7
, 55-61.
Bursey, C.R., & Goldberg, S.R. (2007). A new species of
Oxyascaris
(Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) in the Costa Rica
brook frog,
Duellmanohyla
uranochroa
(Anura, Hylidae).
Acta Parasitologica
,
52
, 58-61.
Bursey, C.R., & Brooks, D.R. (2010). Nematode parasites of 41 anuran species from the Area de Conservación
Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Comparative Parasitology
,
77
, 221-231.
Bursey, C.R., Goldberg, S.R., Salgado-Maldonado, G., & Méndez-de-La-Cruz, F.R. (1998).
Raillietnema brachyspiculatum
n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from
Lepidophyma
tuxtlae
(Sauria: Xantusidae) from México.
Journal of the
Helminthological Society Washington
,
65
, 164–168.
Bursey, C.R., Goldberg, S.R., & Pamarlee, J.R. (2001). Gastrointestinal helminths of 51 species of anurans from Reserva
Cuzco Amazónico, Peru.
Comparative Parasitology 68
, 21-35.
Bush, A.O., Laferty, K.D., Lotz, J.M., & Shostak, A.W. (1997). Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis
et al., revisited.
Te Journal of Parasitology
,
83
, 575-583.
Caballero, E. (1944). Estudios helmintologicos de la region onco-cercosa de Mexico y de la Republica de Guatemala.
Nematoda: 1º parte Filarioidea. I.
Anales del Instituto de Biologia
, Mexico,
15
, 87–108.
Cabral, A.N., Teles, D.A., Brito, S.V., Almeida, W.O.; Dos Anjos, L.A., Guarnieri, M.C., & Ribeiro, S.C. (2018).
Helminth parasites of
Mabuya arajara
Rebouças-Spieker, 1981 (Lacertilia: Mabuyidae) from Chapada do Araripe,
northeastern Brazil.
Parasitology
Research
,
117
, 1185-1193.
image/svg+xml
254
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
Callefo, M.E.V. (2002). Anfíbios. P. Auricchio & M. G. Salomão (eds). In:
Técnicas de coleta e preparação de vertebrados
para fns científcos e didáticos. Instituto Pau Brasil de História Natural
, São Paulo, pp.45-73.
Campião, K.M., Morais, D.H., Dias, O.T., Aguiar, A., Toledo, G.M., Tavares, L.E.R., & Silva, J.R. (2014). Checklist of
helminth parasites of amphibians from South America.
Zootaxa
,
3843
, 1-93.
Campião, K.M., Ribas, A.C.A., Morais, D.H., Dias, O.T., Silva, R.J., & Tavares, L.E.R. (2015). How many parasites
species a frog might have? Determinants of parasite diversity in south american anurans.
PloS one
10
, e0140577.
Campião, K.M., Da Silva, I.C.O., Dalazen, G.T., Paiva, F., & Tavares, L.E.R. (2016). Helminth parasites of 11 anuran
species from the Pantanal Wetland, Brazil.
Comparative Parasitology
,
83
, 92-100.
Caramaschi, U., & Napoli, M.F. (2012). Taxonomic revision of the
Odontophrynus cultripes
species group, with
description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae).
Zootaxa
,
3155
, 1-20.
Caramaschi, U. (1979). O girino de
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage e Cei, 1965 (Amphibia, Anura, Ceratophrydidae).
Revista Brasileira de Biologia
,
39
, 169-171.
Caramaschi, U. (1996). Nova espécie de
Odontophrynus
Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862 do Brasil Central (Amphibia, Anura,
Leptodactylidae).
Boletim do Museu Nacional. Nova Série, Zoologia
,
367
, 1-8.
Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária – CFMV (2013).
Métodos de eutanásia. In: Guia brasileiro de boas práticas de
eutanásia em animais
(Comissão de ética, Bioética e bem-estar animal - CFMV, eds).
ASCOM/CFMV
. p.28-29.
Da Graça, R.J., Oda, F.H., Lima, F.S., Guerra, V., Gambale, P.G., & Takemoto, R.M. (2017). Metazoan endoparasites
of 18 anuran species from the mesophytic semideciduous Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil.
Journal of
Natural
History
,
51
, 705-729.
Da Silva, A.S., Zanette, R.A., Tochetto, C., Oliveira, C.B., Soares, J.F., Otto, M.A., & Monteiro, S.G. (2008). Parasitismo
por
Physaloptera
sp.,
Kalicephalus
sp. e
Cryptosporidium
sp. em lagarto (
Tupinambis teguixin
) no Rio Grande do
Sul, Brasil.
Revista
Brasileira de
Zoociência
,
10
, 269-272.
De Sena, P.A., Conceição, B.M., Silva, P.F., Silva, W.G., Ferreira, W.B., Júnior, V.A.S., De Moura, G.J.B., & De Oliveira,
J.B. (2018). Helminth communities of
Pithecopus nordestinus
(Anura: Phyllomedusidae) in forest remnants,
Brazil.
Herpetology Notes
,
11
, 565-572.
Dias, I.R., Medeiros, T.T., Vila Nova, M.F., & Solé, M. (2014). Amphibians of Serra Bonita, southern Bahia: a new
hotpoint within Brazil’s Atlantic Forest hotspot.
ZooKeys
,
449
, 105-130.
Dyer, W.G., & Altig, R. (1976). Redescription of
Cosmocerca
brasiliensis
Travassos, 1925 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae)
from Ecuadorian frogs.
Journal of Parasitology
,
62
, 262-264.
Esslinger, J.H. (1986). Redescription of
Ochoterenella digiticauda
Caballero, 1944 (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad,
Bufo marinus,
with a redefnition of the genus
Ochoterenella
Caballero, 1944.
Proceedings of the Helminthological
Society of Washington
,
53
, 210–217.
Esslinger, J.H. (1987).
Ochoterenella caballeroi
sp. n. and
O. nano-larvata
sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad
Bufo marinus
.
Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington
,
54
, 126–132.
Esslinger, J.H. (1988a).
Ochoterenella chiapensis
n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad
Bufo marinus
in Mexico
and Guatemala.
Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
,
107
, 203–208.
Esslinger, J.H. (1988b).
Ochoterenella fgueroai
sp. n. and
O. lamothei
sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad
Bufo
marinus
.
Proceedings of the Helminthological Society Washington
,
55
, 146–154.
Esslinger, J.H. (1989).
Ochoterenella complicata
n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the toad
Bufo marinus
in Western
Colombia.
Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
,
108
, 197–203.
Felix-Nascimento, G., Vieira, F.M., Muniz-Pereira, L. C., Moura, G.J.B., Ribeiro, L.B., & Oliveira, J.B. (2020). Two
new species of Cosmocercidae (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) of
Leptodactylus
macrosternum
Miranda-Ribeiro
(Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Caatinga Biome, Brazil.
Zootaxa
,
4877
, 274-290.
image/svg+xml
255
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Freitas, J.F.T. (1958). Estudos sobre “Oxyascarididae” (Travassos, 1920) (Nematoda, Subuluroidea).
Memórias do
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
,
56
, 490-515.
Freitas, M.A. & Silva, T.F.S. (2004). Anfíbios da Bahia, um guia de identifcação.
Malha de Sapo Publicações
.
Frost, D.R. (2017).
Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference
. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural
History, New York, USA. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html.
Frost, D.R. (2021).
Amphibian species of the world: An online reference.
Versão 6.1. New York: American Museum of
Natural History. https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php
Gibbons, L. (Ed.). (2010).
Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates
. Supplementary Volume. CABI International.
Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., Salgado-Maldonado, G., Baéz, R., & Cañeda, G.C. (2002). Helminth parasites of six
species of anurans from Los Tuxtlas and Catemaco Lake, Veracruz, México.
Te Southwestern Naturalist
,
47
,
293-329.
Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., Caldwell, J.P., Vitt, L.J., & Costa, G.C. (2007). Gastrointestinal helminths from six
species of frogs and three species of lizards, sympatric in Pará State, Brazil.
Comparative
Parasitology
,
74
, 327-342.
Goldberg, S.R., & Bursey, C.R. (2008a). Helminths from 10 species of
brachycephalid
frogs (Anura: Brachycephalidae)
from Costa Rica.
Comparative
Parasitology
,
75
, 255–262.
Goldberg, S.R., & Bursey, C.R. (2008b). Helminths from ffteen species of frogs (Anura, Hylidae) from Costa Rica.
Phyllomedusa,
7
, 25-33.
González, C.E. (2009).
Aspectos cuali-cuantitativos de los nematodes parasitos en anfíbios del Nordeste Argentino.
(Tese de
Doutorado. Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo).
González, C.E., & Hamann, M.I. (2006). Helmintos parásitos de
Leptodactylus bufonius
Boulenger, 1894 (Anura:
Leptodactylidae) de Corrientes, Argentina.
Revista Española de Herpetología
,
20
, 39-46.
González, C.E., & Hamann, M.I. (2008). Nematode parasites of two anurans species,
Rhinella
schneideri
(Bufonidae)
and
Scinax
acuminatus
(Hylidae), from Corrientes, Argentina.
Revista de Biologia Tropical
,
56
, 2147–2161.
González, C.E., & Hamann, M.I. (2010). First report of nematode parasites of
Physalaemus santafecinus
(Anura:
Leiuperidae) from Corrientes, Argentina.
Revista
Mexicana de Biodiversidad
,
81
, 677-687.
Gutiérrez, R.O. (1945).
Contribución al conocimiento de los nematodes parásitos de anfbios argentinos
. (Tesis. Universidad
Nacional de La Plata).
Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará-IPECE. (2017).
Perfl Básico Municipal do Município de
Guaramiranga.
Institute of Research and Economic Strategy of Ceará. https://www.ipece.ce.gov.br/wp-content/
uploads/sites/45/2018/09/Guaramiranga_2017pdf.
Juncá, F.A. (2006). Diversidade e uso de hábitat por anfíbios anuros em duas localidades de Mata Atlântica, no norte do
estado da Bahia.
Biota Neotropica
,
6
, 1-17.
Klaion, T., Gomes, M.A., Tavares, L.E.R., Rocha, C.F.D., & Sluys, M.V. (2011). Diet and nematode infection in
Proceratoprhys boiei
(Anura: Cycloramphidae) from two Atlantic Rainforest remnants in southeastern Brazil.
Anais
da
Academia
Brasileira de
Ciências
,
83
,1303-1312.
Kuzmin, Y., Tkach, V.V., & Synder, S. (2003). Te Nematode Genus
Rhabdias
(Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Neartic.
Comparative
Parasitology
,
70
, 101–114.
Kuzmin, Y.L., Du Preez, H., & Junker, K. (2015). Some Nematodes of the Genus
Rhabdias
Stiles et Hassall, 1905
(Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) Parasitising Amphibians in French Guiana.
Folia Parasitologica
,
62
, 1–11.
Langford, G.J. & Janovy, J. JR. (2009). Comparative Life Cycles and Life Histories of North American
Rhabdias
spp.
(Nematoda: Rhabdiaisidae): Lungworms from Snakes and Anurans.
Journal of Parasitology
,
95
, 1145–1155.
Lent, H. & Freitas, J.F.T. (1948). Una coleção de nematodeos, parasitos de vertebrados, do museu de História Natural
de Montevideo.
Memórias do
Instituto
Oswaldo
Cruz
,
46
, 1-71.
image/svg+xml
256
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
Lima, S.S., Marun, B., Alves, P.V., & Bain, O. (1999).
Ochoterenella esslingeri
n. sp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae:
Waltonellinae) from
Bokermannohyla luctuosa
(Anura: Hylidae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with notes on
Paraochoterenella Purnomo and Bangs, 1999.
Parasite, 19
, 341-50.
Lins, A.G.S., Aguiar, A., Morais, D.H., Da Silva, L.A.F., Ávila, R.W., & Silva, R.J. (2017). Helmintofauna de
Leptodactylus
syphax
(Anura: Leptodactylidae) do bioma da Caatinga, nordeste do Brasil.
Revista
Brasileira de
Parasitologia
Veterinária
,
26
, 74-80.
Lisboa, B.S., Silva, U.G. & Haddad, C.F.B. (2010). Amphibia, Anura, Cycloramphidae,
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage
& Cei, 1965: Distribution extension and geographic distribution map.
Check
List
,
6
, 493-494.
Luque, J.L., Martins, A.N., & Tavares, L.E.R. (2005). Community structure of metazoan parasites of the yellow Cururu
Toad,
Bufo
ictericus
(Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Acta Parasitologica
,
50
, 215-220.
Lux Hoppe, E., Pedrassani, D., Hofmann-Inocente, A.C., Tebaldi, J.H., Stort, L.F., Zanuzzo, F.S., Avancini, N., &
Nascimento, A.A. (2008). Estudos ecológicos em taxocenoses helmintícas de
Chaunus ictericus
(Spix, 1824) e
C.
schneideri
(Werner, 1894) (Anura: Bufonidae) simpátricos, capturados no Distrito de São Cristóvão, Município
de Três Barras, Santa Catarina.
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia
,
17
, 166–169.
Lynch, J.D. (1971). Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. Miscellaneous
Publication.
Museum of Natural History
,
University of Kansas, 53
, 1-238.
Mângia, S., Oliveira, E.F., Santana, D.J., Koroiva, R., Paiva, F. & Garda, A.A. (2020). Revising the taxonomy of
Proceratophrys
Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura: Odontophrynidae) from the Brazilian semiarid Caatinga:
morphology, calls and molecules support a single widespread species.
Journal
of
Zoological
Systematics and
Evolutionary
Research
,
58
, 1151-1172.
Martins, N.A., & De Fabio, S.P. (2005). Parasitismo por nematoides em populações simpátricas de
Eleutherodactylus
parvus
(Girard, 1853) e
Eleutherodactylus guentheri
(Steindachner, 1864). (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Acta Biológica
Leopoldensia,
27
, 47-50.
Mascarenhas W., Oliveira C.R., Benício R.A., Ávila R.W., & Ribeiro S.C. (2021). Nematodes of
Proceratophrys ararype
(Anura: Odontophrynidae), an endemic frog from the Araripe Plateau, northeastern Brazil.
Biota Neotropica 21
,
e20201164.
Masi-Pallares, R., & Maciel, S. (1974). Helminthes en batracios del Paraguay (1ra. Parte), con descripción de una nueva
especie
Aplectana pudenda
(Oxyuridae: Cosmocercinae).
Revista Paraguaya de Microbiología
,
9
, 55-60.
Mati, V.L.T., & Melo, A.L. (2014). Some aspects of the life history and morphology of
Strongyloides ophidiae
Pereira,
1929 (Rhabditida: Strongyloididae) in
Liophis
miliaris
(Squamata: Dipsadidae).
Neotropical
Helminthology
,
8
,
203-216.
Mcallister, C.T., Bursey, C.R., & Freed, P.S. (2010a). Helminth parasites of selected amphibians and reptiles from the
Republico of Ecuador.
Comparative
Parasitology,
77
, 52–66.
Mcallister, C.T., Bursey, C.R., & Freed, P.S. (2010b). Helminth parasites of herpetofauna from Rupunini District,
southwestern Guyana.
Comparative
Parasitology,
77
, 184–201.
Navarro, P., Izquierdo, S., Pérez-Soler, P., Hornero, M.J., & Llech, J. (1988). Contribución al conocimiento de la
helmintofauna de los herpetos ibéricos. VIII. Nematoda: Ascaridida Skrjabin et Schutz, 1940 de
Rana
spp.
Revista
Ibérica de Parasitologia,
48
, 167-173.
Ogassawara, S., Benassi, S., Larsson, C.E., Leme, P.T.Z., & Hagiwara, M.K. (1986). Prevalência de infecções helmínticas
em gatos na cidade de São Paulo.
Revista
de Faculdade de
Medicina
Veterinária e Zootecnia
da
Universidade
de
São
Paulo
,
23
, 145-149.
Oliveira, C.R., Ávila, R.W., & Morais, D.H. (2019). Helminths associated with three
Physalaemus
species (Anura:
Leptodactylidae) from Caatinga Biome, Brazil.
Acta
Parasitology,
64
, 205-212.
Oliveira C.R., Mascarenhas, W., Batista-Oliveira, D., Araújo, K.C., Ávila, R.W., & Borges-Nojosa, D.M. (2022).
Endoparasite community of anurans from an altitudinal rainforest enclave in a Brazilian semiarid area.
Journal of
Helminthology,
96
, e62.
image/svg+xml
257
Helminths Infecting the Carvalho’s Escuerzo
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Poulin, R. (2014). Parasite biodiversity revisited: frontiers and constraints.
International
Journal for
Parasitology,
44
,
581-589.
R Foundation for Statistical Computing R version 4.2.0. (2022)
“Vigorous Calisthenics”
.
Ramírez, V.G., Sueldo, C., & Mesones, R.V. (1979). Aportes sobre parásitos de
Bufo arenarum
de la Provincia de Salta.
II. (Nematoda).
Neotropica,
25
, 90.
Sampaio, N.K.S., Silva, E.G., Pinto, C.L.M., Duarte, R.G., Teixeira, A.A.M., Almeida, W.O. & Brito, S.V. (2020).
Proceratophrys aridus
Endoparasites.
Herpetology
Review
,
51
, 302.
Santos, V.G.T., Amato, S.B., & Borges-Martins, M. (2013). Community structure of helminth parasites of the “Cururu”
toad,
Rhinella icterica
(Anura: Bufonidae) from Southern Brazil.
Parasitology Research
,
112
, 1097-1103.
Santos, V.G.T., Borges-Martins, M., & Amato, S.B. (2016). Community structure of parasites of the tree frog
Scinax
fuscovarius
(anura, hylidae) from Campo Belo do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Neotropical
Helminthology
,
10
, 41-50.
Santos, D.L., Andrade, S.P., Rocha, C.F., Maciel, N.M., Caramanschi, U. & Vaz-Silva, W. (2017). Redescription of
the tadpole of
Odontophrynus carvalhoi
Savage & Cei, 1965 (Anura, Odontophrynidae) with comments on the
geographical distribution of the species.
Zootaxa
,
4323
, 419-422.
Santos, K.R., Carlos, B.C., Paduan, K.S., Kadri, S.M., Barrella, T.H., Amarante, M.R.V., Ribolla, P.E.M. & Silva, R.J.
(2010). Morphological and molecular characterization of
Strongyloides ophidiae
(Nematoda, Strongyloididae).
Journal of
Helminthology,
84
, 136-142.
Savage, J.M., & Cei, J.M. (1965). A review of the Leptodactylid frog genus,
Odontophrynus
.
Herpetologica,
21
, 178-195.
Segalla, M.V., Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C.A.G., Garcia, P.C.A., Grant, T., Haddad, C.F.B., Santana, D.J., Toledo, L.F., &
Langone, J.A. (2019). Lista de espécies brasileiras-Brazilian Amphibians: List of Species.
Herpetologia Brasileira,
8
, 65-96.
Silva, C.S., Alcantara, E.P., Silva, R.J., Ávila, R.W., & Morais, D.H. (2019). Helminths parasites of the frog
Proceratophrys
aridus
Cruz, Nunes, & Juncá, 2012 (Anura: Odontophrynidae) in a semiarid region, Brazil.
Neotropical
Helminthology,
13
, 169-179.
Sprent, J.F.A. (1978). Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles:
Gedoelstascaris
n.g. and
Ortleppascaris
n.g.
Journal
of
Helminthology
,
52
, 261-282.
Sueldo, C., & Ramírez, V.G. (1976). Aportes sobre parásitos de
Bufo arenarum
en la provincia de Salta (Nematoda).
Neotropica, 22
, 105-106.
Sulieman, Y., Aff, A., Awad, H.M., & Pengsakul, T. (2015). Helminth parasites of the subdesert toad,
Amietophrynus
(Bufo) xeros (Anura: Bufonidae).
International
Journal of
Research
.
Granthaalayah
,
3
, 75-83.
Teles, D.A., Sousa, J.G.G., Teixeira, A.A.M., Silva, M.C., Oliveira, R.H., Silva, M.R.M., & Ávila, R.W. (2015).
Helminths of the frog
Pleurodema diplolister
(Anura, Leiuperidae) from the Caatinga in Pernambuco state,
northeast Brazil.
Brazilian
Journal of
Biology,
75
, 251-253.
Teles, D.A., Brito, S.V., Araújo-Filho, J.A., Teixeira, A.A.M., Ribeiro, S.C., Mesquita, D.O., & Almeida, W.O. (2017).
Nematode parasites of
Proceratophrys aridus
(Anura:Odontophrynidae), an endemic frog of the Caatinga domain
of the Neotropical region in Brazil.
Herpetological Notes
,
10
, 525-527.
Travassos, L. (1925). Contribuições para o conhecimento da fauna helminthologica dos batrachios do Brasil. Nematodeos
intestinaes.
Sciencia Medica,
3
, 673-687.
Travassos, L. (1929). Filaridés des batraciens du Brésil.
Comptes rendus des séances de la Societé de Biologie
,
100
, 967–968.
Travassos, L. (1931). Pesquisas helmintologicas realizadas em Hamburgo. IX Ensaio monographico da familia
Cosmocercidae Trav., 1925 (Nematoda).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
25
, 237-298.
Tung, K.C., Hsiao, F.C., Yang, C.H., Chou, C.C., Lee, W.M., Wang, K.S., & Lai, C.H. (2009). Surveillance of
endoparasitic infections and the frst report of
Physaloptera
sp. and
Sarcocystis
spp. in farm rodents and shrews in
central Taiwan.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 71
, 43-47.
image/svg+xml
258
Neotropical Helminthology (Lima). Vol. 17, N
º
2, jul - dic 2023
Feitosa Quirino
et al.
Vale, V.H.A., & Soares, F.M. (2006). Proposta para o Desenvolvimento Ecoturistico de Guaramiranga – Ce.
Mercator-
Revista de Geografa da Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza
,
4
, 137.
Vicente, J.J., Rodrigues, H.O., Gomes, D.C., & Pinto, R.M. (1991). Nematóides do Brasil. Parte II: Nematóides de
anfíbios.
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
,
7,
549-626.
Yamaguti, S. (1961).
Systema Helminthum – Nematodes
. Interscience Publishers.
Received October 2, 2023.
Accepted December 4, 2023.