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Neotropical Helminthology

Neotropical Helminthology, 2023, vol. 17 (2), 165-190

ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

SPECIES OF MONOGENOIDEA FROM CICHLIDS WITH COMMERCIAL

IMPORTANCE IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON

ESPECIES DE MONOGENOIDEA DE CÍCLIDOS CON IMPORTANCIA

COMERCIAL EN LA AMAZONIA PERUANA

Germán Augusto Murrieta-Morey1,2*; Kevin Morgan Ruiz-Tafur1; Alana Lislea de Sousa 2; José

Lisbinio Cruz-Guimaraes3; Carlos Alfredo Tuesta Rojas4; Linda Julissa Hualinga Vela4; Shachy

Marcela Chucuya Garcia4; Hilmer Angélica Dávila Pizango4; Manuel Enrique Navas Vásquez4;

Rossana Cubas Guerra4 & Enrique Ríos Isern4

ISSN Versión Impresa 2218-6425 ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1403

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24039/rnh20231721650

Volume 17, Number 2 (jul - dec) 2023

Este artículo es publicado por la revista Neotropical Helminthology de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico

Villarreal, Lima, Perú auspiciado por la Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Aﬁ nes (APHIA). Este es un artículo de acceso abierto,

distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) [https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

deed.es] que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citada de su fuente original.

1 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Laboratorio de Parasitología y Sanidad Acuícola, Iquitos,

Loreto-Peru, Carretera Iquitos-Nauta, Km 4.5 – San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, 0784, Loreto, Perú. germantiss1106@gmail.

com / kmrtafur@gmail.com

2 Universidade Estudual do Maranhão (UEMA). Programa de Pós graduação em Ciência Animal (PPGCA), Cidade

Universitária Paulo IV, São Luis, 65055-310, Maranhão-Brasil. alanasousa@professor.uema.br

3 Universidad Cientíﬁ ca del Perú, Av. José A. Quiñonez, Km 2.5 – San Juan Bautista, 16007, Iquitos, Loreto-Peru.

josecruzguimaraes@gmail.com

4 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), Sargento Lores, 385, 16002, Iquitos, Loreto-Peru. ctuestarojas@

gmail.com / ljulissah@gmail.com / marcela.chucuya19@gmail.com / angelicadavila1606@gmail.com / manuel.enrique.

navas.vasquez@gmail.com / rcubas_58@yahoo.com / eriosisern1962@gmail.com

* Corresponding author: germantiss1106@gmail.com

Germán Augusto Murrieta-Morey: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-2654

Kevin Morgan Ruiz-Tafur: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-7564

Alana Lislea-de Sousa: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-2560

José Lisbinio Cruz-Guimaraes: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-0037

Carlos Alfredo Tuesta-Rojas: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-3574

Linda Julissa Hualinga-Vela: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3642-8222

Shachy Marcela Chucuya-Garcia: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2311-8709

Hilmer Angélica Dávila-Pizango: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0100-2366

Manuel Enrique Navas-Vásquez: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1448-2334

Rossana Cubas-Guerra: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3745-4861

Enrique Ríos-Isern: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6277-6941

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ABSTRACT

In the Peruvian Amazon, species of the Cichlidae constitute a valuable resource for ﬁsheries and aquaculture activities. Due

to the importance of cichlids in this region and the constant interest in conducting studies focused on the biodiversity of

monogenoids, the present study aimed to present a checklist of monogenoids from the gills of cichlids with importance

in aquaculture in the Peruvian Amazon. irteen species of cichlids were analyzed from November 2020 to May 2023

from diﬀerent water bodies in the Peruvian Amazon. ere were identiﬁed ﬁve species of Gussevia Kohn & Paperna,

1964; eight morphospecies of Gussevia (Gussevia sp. 1 to sp. 8); four species of Sciadicleithrum Kritsky, atcher &

Boeger, 1989; eight morphospecies of Sciadicleithrum; one species of Biotodomella Morey, Arimuya & Boeger, 2019 and

one species of Trinidactylus Hanek, Molnár & Fernando, 1974. Taxonomic studies should continue to describe the 16

morpho species recorded in this investigation, contributing to the knowledge of the biodiversity of monogenoids in the

Peruvian Amazon.

Keywords: Cichlidae – ectoparasites – gills – monogenoids – pisciculture

RESUMEN

En la Amazonía peruana, las especies de Cichlidae constituyen un valioso recurso para las actividades pesqueras y

acuícolas. Debido a la importancia de los cíclidos en esta región y al constante interés en realizar estudios enfocados

en la biodiversidad de monogénoideos, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar una lista de veriﬁcación de

monogénoideos de las branquias de cíclidos con importancia en la acuicultura de la Amazonía peruana. Se analizaron

13 especies de cíclidos desde noviembre del 2020 hasta mayo del 2023 de diferentes cuerpos de agua de la Amazonía

peruana. Se identiﬁcaron cinco especies de Gussevia Kohn & Paperna, 1964; ocho morfoespecies de Gussevia (Gussevia sp.

1 a sp. 8); cuatro especies de Sciadicleithrum Kritsky, atcher & Boeger, 1989; ocho morfoespecies de Sciadicleithrum;

una especie de Biotodomella Morey, Arimuya & Boeger, 2019 y una especie de Trinidactylus Hanek, Molnár & Fernando,

1974. Los estudios taxonómicos deben continuar para describir las 16 morfoespecies registradas en esta investigación,

contribuyendo al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de monogénidos en la Amazonía peruana.

Palabras claves: branquias – Cichlidae – ectoparásitos –monogenoideos –piscicultura

INTRODUCTION

In the last ﬁve years in the Peruvian Amazon, various

studies have been carried out in order to identify

monogenoids from ﬁsh gills; thus; ﬁsh species have been

captured from natural environments such as rivers, lakes,

streams, ponds, as well as samples of ﬁsh from pisciculture

and city markets (Acosta et al., 2019; Mendoza-Palmero

et al., 2019; Morey et al., 2019a; Morey et al., 2019b;

Morey et al., 2020a; Morey et al., 2020b; Mendoza-

Palmero et al., 2020; Morey, 2021; Morey et al., 2021a;

Morey et al., 2021b; Quispe et al., 2021; Feronato et al.,

2022; Chota et al., 2022; Morey et al., 2023; Olortegui-

Zegarra et al., 2023).

Fish are an important resource for Amazonian inhabitants.

ese are used as a source of animal protein and also as

resources to generate economic income through their

sale, both in the ﬁsh market for human consumption

and in the ornamental market (Garcia et al., 2021).

e latter generates millions of dollars annually in ﬁsh

export activities from the Peruvian Amazon to diﬀerent

countries in North America, Europe and Asia (Garcia et

al., 2021).

According to Garcia et al. (2018), 78 species of ﬁsh are

sold in city markets as meat for human consumption. Of

the total number of registered species, eight correspond

to cichlids. In addition to ﬁsh farming for the production

of animal protein, Garcia et al. (2021) mention the

ornamental activity, with 212 ﬁsh species reported;

among which, 54 correspond to ornamental cichlids

(Garcia et al., 2021).

Cichlids are ﬁsh of colorful colors, diﬀerent sizes and

shapes, being highly appreciated by aquarists and

hobbyists throughout the world. e capture, breeding,

management and commercialization of these ﬁsh

generates an interesting ﬂow in the Peruvian Amazon

that links the ﬁsherman with the collectors, exporters and

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importers (Garcia et al., 2021). is ﬂow constitutes for

many Amazon families, a form of economic income for

their livelihood, so it is important to know the parasites

present in these ﬁsh, creating information baselines

that allow not only to know the existing biodiversity, to

identify and describe new species of parasites, but also,

allow further studies of ecology, control and prevention

of parasitic diseases, among others (Garcia et al., 2021)..

Among the main risks identiﬁed in the aquaculture

activity in the Peruvian Amazon, health problems caused

by infestations of monogenoids (Monogenoidea) stand

out (Morey, 2019). is group of parasites can cause

various damage to the gills, leading the ﬁsh to die from

suﬀocation. us, due to the importance of cichlids in the

Peruvian Amazon and the constant interest in conduct

studies focused on the biodiversity of monogenoids, the

present study aimed to present a checklist of monogenoids

from the gills of cichlids with importance in aquaculture

in Loreto, Peru.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fish host species were obtained from November 2020 to

May 2023 from diﬀerent water bodies in the Peruvian

Amazon. Excursions were made as part of researches

focused on the registration and identiﬁcation of

monogenoids from the gills of cichlids with commercial

importance in the Peruvian Amazonia. Some of the

collected species are used in aquaculture for human

consumption and others are important as ornamental

ﬁsh, being exported from Iquitos-Peru to diﬀerent

countries around the world.

irteen species were collected: the bigeye cichlid Acaronia

nassa (Heckel, 1840), the saddle cichlid Aequidens

tetramerus (Heckel 1840), the greenstreaked eartheater

Biotodoma cupido (Heckel 1840), the bujurquina

Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander 1986, the peacock

bass Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz 1831, the amazon

cichlid Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander 1983, the

red-ﬁnned Pike Crenicichla johanna Heckel 1840, the

severum Heros efasciatus Heckel 1840, the emerald cichlid

Hypselecara temporalis (Günther 1862), the ﬂag cichlid

Mesonauta miriﬁcus Kullander & Silfvergrip 1991, the

angel ﬁsh Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze 1823), the demon

eartheater Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel 1840) and the

discus Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons 1959. Morphological

characters were used for the taxonomical identiﬁcation of

ﬁsh-hosts, according to Garcia et al. (2018; 2021).

Fish were kept alive until their parasitological examination.

In the laboratory, gill archers were removed and placed in

vials containing hot water (65 °C). Each vial was shaken

vigorously and 96% ethanol was added. e content of

each vial was examined using a dissecting microscope and

helminths were removed from the gills or sediment using

dissection needles. Some specimens were mounted on

slides using Hoyer’s medium to determine the haptoral

structures (bars, anchors and hooks) and male copulatory

organ (MCO) and the accessory piece. Others specimens

were stained with Gomori’s trichrome (Humason, 1979;

Boeger & Vianna, 2006) and mounted in Canada

balsam to determine internal organs. Some specimens

were preserved in ethanol 96%for future DNA analyses.

All procedures were conducted in the “Laboratorio

de Parasitología y Sanidad Acuícola” of the “Instituto

de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana” (IIAP) in

Iquitos, Peru. Pictures of the parasites were taken by

using a digital camera LEICA ICC50 W attached to a

microscope LEICA DM750. Data were processed by

using a LEICA Application Suite (LAS) EZ.

Vouchers of parasites were deposited in the collection

of parasites belonging to “Laboratorio de Parasitología y

Sanidad Acuícola” from “Instituto de Investigaciones de

la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto-Peru.

Ethic aspects: Statement on ethical approval from

an ethics committee and license for working with

ﬁsh species were followed according to the following

resolutions: Resolution No132-2014-GRL-DIREPRO;

Resolution No21-2016 GRL-DIREPRO; and PTH-068-

16-PECSANIPES.

RESULTS

List of Monogenoidea by host belonging to

CICHLIIFORMES: CICHLIDAE

Host: Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840)

Gussevia sp. 1 (Fig. 1)

Gussevia sp. 2 (Fig. 2)

Gussevia sp. 3 (Fig. 3)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

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Figure 1. Gussevia sp. 1 collected from Acaronia nassa.

Copulatory complex (A), structures of haptor (B). Scale

bar: 40 µm.

Figure 2. Gussevia sp. 2 collected from Acaronia nassa. Ventral view whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B), Vagina

(C), Egg (D), Structures of haptor (E). Scale bar: A = 100 µm. B-E = 40 µm.

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Host: Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840)

Gussevia cichlassomatis (Molnár, Hanek & Fernando,

1974) (Fig. 4)

Gussevia sp. 4 (Fig. 5)

Figure 3. Gussevia sp. 3 collected from Acaronia nassa. Copulatory complex (A), Structures of haptor (B). Scale bar: A

= 20 µm, B = 10 µm.

Gussevia sp. 5 (Fig. 6)

Sciadicleithrum sp. 1 (Fig. 7)

Locality: Lindero stream, Nanay River (3°55’16.31”S,

73°22’14.16”W)

Figure 4. Gussevia cichlassomatis collected from Aequidens tetramerus. Copulatory complex (A), Vagina (B), Ventral bar

and ventral anchors (C), Dorsal bar (D), Dorsal anchors (E), Haptor (F). Scale bar: A,B = 20 µm, C = 10 µm, E, F =

20 µm.

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Figure 5. Gussevia sp. 4 collected from Aequidens tetramerus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Vagina (C), Haptor ventral view (D), Haptor dorsal view (E). Scale bar: A= 50 µm, B, C = 20 µm, D, E = 20 µm.

Figure 6. Gussevia sp. 5 collected from Aequidens tetramerus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Ventral and dorsal anchors (C), Ventral bar and ventral anchors (D), Dorsal bar and dorsal anchors (E). Scale bar: A= 50

µm, B = 20 µm, C = 20 µm, D, E = 10 µm.

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Figure 7. Sciadicleithrum sp. 1. Copulatory complex (A),

Host: Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840)

Biotodomella mirospinata Morey, Arimuya & Boeger,

2019 (Fig. 8)

Sciadicleithrum sp. 2 (Fig. 9)

Locality: Shiruycaño pond, Nanay River (3°45’2.10”S,

73°17’16.28”W)

Haptor (B). Scale Bar: A = 20 µm, B = 10 µm.

Figure 8. Biotodomella mirospinata collected from Biotodoma cupido. Copulatory complex (A), Haptor (B), Ventral an-

chors and ventral hooks (C), Ventral anchors, dorsal bar and dorsal anchors (D). Scale bar: A = 30 µm, B = 40 µm, C,

D = 20 µm.

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Figure 9. Sciadicleithrum sp. 2 collected from Biotodoma cupido. Copulatory complex (A), Haptor (B). Scale bar: A =

20 µm, B = 20 µm.

Host: Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1896

Sciadicleithrum sp. 3 (Fig. 10)

Sciadicleithrum sp. 4 (Fig. 11)

Locality: Tanshi Stream (3°54’33.85”S, 73°24’37.65”W).

igure 10. Sciadicleithrum sp. 3 collected from Bujurquina

peregrinabunda. Copulatory complex (A), Egg (B), Haptor

(C). Scale bar: A = 20 µm, B = 40 µm, C = 40

µm.

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Figure 11. Sciadicleithrum sp. 4 collected from Bujurqui-

na peregrinabunda. Copulatory complex (A), Vagina (B),

Haptor (C). Scale bar: A, B = 30 µm, C = 40 µm.

Host: Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz, 1831

Sciadicleithrum umbilicum Kritsky, atcher & Boeger,

1989 (Fig. 12)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W).

Figure 12. Sciadicleithrum umbilicum from Cichla monoculus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Ventral bar and anchors (C), Dorsal bar and anchors (D). Scale bar: A = 50 µm, B = 50 µm, C, D = 20 µm.

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Host: Cichlassoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983

Gussevia cichlassomatis (Molnár, Hanek & Fernando,

1974) (Fig. 13)

Gussevia alii (Fig. 14)

Gussevia sp. 6 (Fig. 15)

Gussevia sp. 7 (Fig. 16)

Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969)

(Fig. 17)

Trinidactylus cichlasomatis Hanek, Molnár & Fernando,

1974 (Fig. 18)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

Figure 13. Gussevia cichlassomatis from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Ventral view of whole body (A), Anterior part of body

showing the pharynx and copulatory complex (B), Copulatory complex (C), Vagina (D), Ventral bar and anchors (E),

Dorsal bar and anchors (F). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B = 40 µm, C, D = 10 µm, E, F= 20 µm.

Figure 14. Gussevia alii from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B), Ven-

tral bar and anchors (C), Vagina (D), Dorsal bar and anchors (E). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B = 20 µm, C-E = 20 µm.

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Figure 15. Gussevia sp. 6 from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Ventral view of whole body (A), Anterior part of body showing

the eyes and pharynx (B), Copulatory complex (C), Haptor (D). Scale bar: A = 200 µm, B-D = 20 µm.

Figure 16. Gussevia sp. 7 from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Anterior part of body showing the copulatory complex and

vagina (A), Vagina (B), Dorsal bar and anchors (C), Ventral bar and anchors (D). Scale bar: A = 20 µm, B-D = 15 µm.

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Figure 17. Sciadicleithrum variabilum from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory com-

plex (B), Vagina (C), Haptor (D). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B, C = 30 µm, D = 20 µm.

Figure 18. Trinidactylus cichlassomatis from Cichlasoma amazonarum. Copulatory complex (A), Haptor. Scale bar: A =

30 µm, B = 20 µm.

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Host: Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840

Sciadicleithrum sp. 5 (Fig. 19)

Sciadicleithrum sp. 6 (Fig. 20)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

Figure 19. Sciadicleithrum sp. 5 from Crenicichla johanna. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Haptor (C). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B = 40 µm, C = 20 µm.

Figure 20. Sciadicleithrum sp. 6 from Crenicichla johanna. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Haptor (C). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B = 40 µm, C = 30 µm.

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Host: Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840

Gussevia dispar Kritsky, atcher & Boeger, 1986 (Fig.

21)

Gussevia disparoides Kritsky, atcher & Boeger, 1986

(Fig. 22)

Gussevia sp. 8 (Fig. 23)

Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969)

(Fig. 24)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

Figure 21. Gussevia dispar from Heros efasciatus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B), Vagina (C),

Ventral bar and anchors (D), Dorsal bar and anchors (E). Scale bar: A = 100 µm, B, C = 20 µm, D, E = 40 µm.

Figure 22. Gussevia disparoides from Heros efascia-

tus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory

complex (B), Vagina (C), Haptor (D). Scale bar:

A = 200 µm, B, C = 30 µm, D = 20 µm.

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Figure 23. Gussevia sp. 8 from Heros efasciatus. Copulatory complex (A), Vagina (B), Haptor (C). Scale bar: A, B = 40

µm, C = 20 µm.

Figure 24. Sciadicleithrum variabilum from Heros efasciatus. Ventral view of whole body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Vagina (C), Ventral bar and anchors (D), Dorsal bar and anchors (E). Scale bar: A = 200 µm, B, C = 30 µm, D, E = 20

µm.

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Host: Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862)

Sciadicleithrum sp. 7 (Fig. 25)

Locality: Lindero stream, Nanay River (3°55’16.31”S,

73°22’14.16”W)

Figure 25. Sciadicleithrum sp. 7 from Hypselecara temporalis. Anterior part of body (A), Copulatory complex (B), Vagina

(C), Haptor (D), Ventral anchors and hooks (E). Scale bar: A = 40 µm, B, C= 20 µm, D = 40 µm, E = 20 µm.

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Host: Mesonauta miriﬁcus Kullander & Silfvergrip,

1991

Sciadicleithrum sp. 8 (Fig. 26)

Figure 26. Sciadicleithrum sp. 8 from Mesonauta miriﬁcus. Anterior part of body (A), Posterior part of body showing the

haptor (B), Ventral bar, anchors and hooks (C), Dorsal bar and anchors (D), Copulatory complex (E), Vagina (F). Scale

bar: A = 40 µm, B = 40 µm, C, D = 20 µm, E, F = 20 µm.

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

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Host: Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823)

Gussevia spiralocirra Kohn & Paperna, 1964 (Fig. 27)

Sciadicleithrum iphthimum Kritsky, atcher & Boeger,

1989 (Fig. 28)

Locality: Huachana pond, Nanay River (3°43’43.50”S,

73°16’38.22”W)

Figure 27. Gussevia spiralocirra from Pterophyllum scalare. Anterior part of body (A), Copulatory complex and vagina (B),

Haptor (C), Structures of haptor: bars, anchors and hooks (D). Scale bar: A = 40 µm, B = 20 µm., C = 50 µm, D = 40 µm.

Figure 28. Sciadicleithrum iphitium from Pterophyllum scalare. Ventral view of whole body (A), Egg (B), Copulatory

complex (C), Ventral bar and anchors (D), Dorsal bar and anchors (E). Scale bar: A = 200 µm, B = 40 µm,

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Host: Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840)

Sciadicleithrum satanopercae Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay

& Pavanelli, 2009 (Fig. 29)

Locality: Shiruycaño pond, Nanay River (3°45’2.10”S,

73°17’16.28”W)

Figure 29. Sciadicleithrum satanopercae from Satanoperca jurupari. Anterior part of body (A), Copulatory complex (B),

Egg (C), Vagina (D), Ventral bar, anchors and hooks (E), Dorsal bar and anchors (E). Scale bar: A, B = 20 µm, C = 10

µm, C-F = 30 µm.

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Host: Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons, 1959

Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969)

(Fig. 30)

Locality: Tipishca pond, Nanay River (3°47’16.01”S,

73°21’18.81”W).

Figure 30. Sciadicleithrum variabilum from Symphysodon tarzoo. Egg and copulatory complex (A), Copulatory complex

(B), Haptor (C). Scale bar: A = 40 µm, B = 30 µm, C = 40 µm.

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Pictures of ﬁsh-hosts are presented in Fig. 31.

Figure 31. Cichlids hosts of species of Monogenoidea. Acaronia nassa (A), Aequidens tetramerus (B), Biotodoma cupido

(C), Bujurquina peregrinabunda (D), Cichla monoculus (E), Cichlasoma amazonarum (F), Crenicichla johanna (G), He-

ros efasciatus (H), Hypselecara temporalis (I), Mesonauta miriﬁcus (J), Pterophyllum scalare (K), Satanoperca jurupari (I),

Symphysodon tarzoo (M).

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Murrieta-Morey et al.

DISCUSSION

An estimation of 800 freshwater ﬁsh species is recorded

for the Peruvian Amazon (Ortega et al., 2010), with 78

valid species reported as ﬁsh used for human consumption

(Garcia et al., 2018) and 212 used as ornamental ﬁsh

(Garcia et al., 2021). Despite the commercial importance

that ﬁsh have for the Peruvian Amazon, to date, few

studies have been carried out focused on cataloging the

parasitic fauna of these ﬁsh. For the Peruvian Amazon,

the study carried out by Morey et al. (2023) was the ﬁrst

reporting monogenoids parasitizing ﬁsh species used for

aquaculture purposes. e present study constitutes the

second check list of these group of parasites infesting

ﬁsh host species, and the ﬁrst, that shows a detailed list

of parasitic monogenoids from the gills of cichlids with

economic importance for this region of Peru.

With the studies conducted by Morey et al. (2023), the

number of species of Monogenoidea was estimated in 114;

in this study, we present 16 possible new species: named as

Gussevia sp. 1 from Gussevia sp. 8 and Sciadicleithrum sp.

1 from Sciadicleithrum sp. 8. Morphologic characteristics

observed in the sclerotized structures of the haptor and

copulatory complex led us to assume that they are species

not yet described for these two genera of monogenoids

that parasitize the gills of cichlids.

For A. nassa it was reported only one species of

Monogenoidea: G. disparoides, parasitizing the gills of

specimens collected from the Igarape Fortaleza basin,

Amapa state, Brazil. (Tavares-Dias et al., 2019). In the

present study, we reported three morphospecies of

Gussevia Kohn & Paperna, 1964, assuming that they are

not yet described.

For A. tetramerus, G. disparoides and G. alioides were

found parasitizing the gills of ﬁsh collected from the

lower Jari River, State of Amapá, Brazil (Borges et al.,

2019). In the present study we identiﬁed G. cichlassomatis

and four morphospecies, three belonging to Gussevia and

one to Sciadicleithrum Kritsky, atcher & Boeger, 1989.

For B. cupido the only record of monogenoids parasitizing

this ﬁsh species were cited by Morey et al. (2019) who

discovered and described B. mirospinata from specimens

collected in natural environment in Loreto, Peru. In

the present study, we reported for the second time to

B. mirospinata and additionally, a morphospecies of

Sciadicleithrum from the gills of B. cupido.

For species belonging to Bujurquina Kullander, 1986,

there are non-records about their parasitic fauna.

Bujurquina spp. are predominantly found in rivers of the

western Amazon, with high diversity in Ecuador and Peru

(Koblmüller et al., 2023). According to these authors,

studies conducted provided evidence for multiple

undescribed, locally endemic species. e results of the

present study, with the evidence of two morphospecies

of Sciadicleithrum contributes to the ﬁrst monogenoids

reported for a species of Bujurquina.

For C. monoculus, the following monogenoids have been

cited in Peru: G. arilla, G. longihaptor, G. undulata, G.

tucunarense, S. ergensi, S. uncinatum, S. umbilicum and

Tucunarella cichlae (Mathews et al., 2012; Seidlová, 2019;

Ortiz et al., 2020; Morey et al., 2023). In the present

study, working with specimens collected in the Nanay

River, there were found only one species: S. umbilicum.

For C. amazonarum collected in Peru, Rozkošná (2008)

found G. cichlasomatis, G. disparoides, S. variabilum, T.

cichlasomatis; Rozkošná (2010) reported G. disparoides, G.

tucunarense and Sciadicleithrum sp.; Mendoza-Franco et

al. (2010) found G. disparoides; Lo et al. (2011) reported

the presence of a species belonging to the Dactylogyridae.

Seidlová (2019), recorded G. disparoides, S. variabilum,

T. cichlasomatis and two morphospecies of Gussevia and

one of Sciadicleithrum. In the present study, we found

G. cichlasomatis, S. variabilum and T. cichlasomatis, as

some of the aforementioned authors. In addition, we

present G. alli as a new record on this ﬁsh host and two

morphospecies belonging to Gussevia. Probably, the

morpho species found by (Seidlová, 2019) are the same

found in the present study.

For species of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840, some studies have

been conducted in Brazil: for C. niederleinii (Holmberg,

1891) and C. britskii Kullander, 1982 from the Paraná

River, the monogenoidean S. joanae has been recorded

(Yamada et al., 2009); the same species was found by

Tavares-Dias et al. (2019) on C. lugubris Heckel, 1840

and C. saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). For Peru, the ﬁrst

records of monogenoids parasitizing a species from

Crenicichla are presented in the present study, indicating

two morphospecies of Sciadicleithrum from the gills of

C. johanna.

For species of Heros, Cohen et al. (2013) cited three

monogenoids from the gills of H. severos from Brazil:

G. alioides, G. dispar and G. disparoides. Tavares-Dias et

al. (2019) found G. disparoides on the gills of ﬁsh from

the Igarape Fortaleza basin, Amapa state, Brazil. In the

present study, G. dispar, G. disparoides were also recorded.

Sciadicleithrum variabilum is cited for the ﬁrst time for this

ﬁsh-host and a morphospecies of Gussevia was also found.

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For H. temporalis there are no records concerning to

monogenoids. e present study provides the ﬁrst

record of a monogenoid parasitizing this ﬁsh species. We

recorded one morphospecies of Sciadicleithrum in the

gills of this ﬁsh.

For species of Mesonauta Günther, 1862, there are few

records about monogenoids parasitizing their gills.

In Brazil, S. joanae was found in the gills of M. acora

(Castelnau, 1855) collected from the Igarapé Fortaleza,

Amapá, Brazil (Bittencourt et al., 2014). In the present

study, the morphospecies Sciadicleithrum sp. was recorded

from the gills of M. miriﬁcus, being the ﬁrst record of a

parasite for this ﬁsh species.

For P. scalare collected in Brazil, two species are cited: G.

spiralocirra and S. iphitium (see Cohen et al., 2013). In

Peru, the only record of a monogenoid parasitizing the

gills of P. scalare was the research conducted by Seidlová

(2019). In the present study, we reported G. spiralocirra

and S. iphitium, being the last parasite cited for the ﬁrst

time for a ﬁsh-host from the Peruvian Amazon.

For S. jurupai collected in Brazil, two species of

Sciadicleithrum were found: S. satanopercae (Melo et al.,

2012, Cohen et al., 2013, Bittencourt et al., 2014) and

S. edgari (Paschoal et al., 2016). In the Peruvian Amazon,

the researchers conducted by Rozkošná (2008, 2010)

recorded the presence of S. satanopercae on the gills. In

the present study, this parasite species was also found,

being to date the only monogenoid parasitizing this host

species from Peru.

For Symphysodon Heckel, 1840, Cohen et al. (2013)

cited the presence of S. variabilum parasitizing the gills

of S. discus from Brazil. For studies conducted in Peru,

Aguinaga et al. (2015) reported the presence of one species

of Monogenoidea from the gills of S. aequifasciatus,

Rozkošná (2008, 2010), recorded S. variabilum from

S. discus. In the present study, S. variabilum is recorded

for the ﬁrst time parasitizing the gills of a species of

Symphysodon collected from Peru.

Taxonomic studies must continue in the Peruvian

Amazon, since the number of new species that are being

discovered and described is increasing as more research is

carried out in this territory. is shows that the number

of monogenoid species to be discovered is still quite

large and deserves special attention. Additionally, it is

important to study the ﬁsh parasites that have commercial

importance in the Peruvian Amazon, since knowing the

parasites present in the ﬁsh creates important baselines

that will allow other types of studies to be carried out,

such as ecological, sanitary, among others.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the project Acuicultura from Instituto de

Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana for their

assistance in the ﬁeld study.

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new

data were created or analyzed in this study.

Author contributions: CRediT (Contributor Roles

Taxonomy)

GAMM = Germán Augusto Murrieta-Morey

KMRT = Kevin Morgan Ruíz-Tafur

ALDS = Alana Lislea-De Sousa

JLCG = José Lisbinio Cruz-Guimaraes

JHV = Julissa Hualinga-Vela

SMCG = Sachy Marcela Chucuya-García

HADP = Hilmer Angélica Dávila-Pizango

MENV = Manuel Enrique Navas-Vásquez

RCG = Rossana Cubas-Guerra

ERI = Enrique Rios-Isern

Conceptualization: GAMM

Data curation: GAMM

Formal Analysis: GAMM, KMRT, JLCG, JHV, SMCG,

HADP, MENV

Funding acquisition: RCG, ERI

Investigation: GAMM, KMRT, JLCG, JHV, SMCG,

HADP, MENV

Methodology: GAMM, RCG, ERI

Project administration: ALDS

Resources: GAMM

Software: GAMM

Supervision: GAMM, ALDS

Validation: GAMM

Visualization: GAMM

Writing – original draft: GAMM, ALDS

Writing – review & editing: GAMM, ALDS

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Received October 6, 2023.

Accepted December 4, 2023.