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ISSN Versión Electrónica 1995-1043
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic:133-140.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
1
Universidade Federal do Pará. Brazil.
2
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Brazil.
Corresponding author* ajtineant@gmail.com
Amanda Karen Silva Jtineant: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-0794
Jeannie Nascimento dos Santos: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6410
Daniel Brito Porto: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7640-7021
José Celso de Oliveira Malta: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-2190
1,2*1
Amanda Karen Silva JtineantJeannie Nascimento dos Santos;
;
22
Daniel Brito Porto & José Celso de Oliveira Malta
ABSTRACT
Specimens of
Dekeiseria amazonica
Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 and
Hypostomus oculeus
(Fowler, 1943)
captured from July 2015 to December 2016, in the Catalão Lake complex, Iranduba, Amazonas, were
studied. The specimens of
D. amazonica
measured 12 – 16.5 (13.70 ± 1.33) and weight (g) 29 – 59 (40.85
± 9.78)
and H. oculeus
12 – 21 (15.80 ± 2.13) and weight (g) 75 - 125.40 (101.11 ± 14.28). Both species
were parasitized by the acanthocephalan
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
Thatcher, 1979
(Neoechinorhynchidae)
,
parasitizing the intestine
,
with a prevalence of 55% and abundance of 18. The
intensity ranged from 1 to 3 parasites and the average intensity was 1.63 parasites per fish for
D.
amazonica
, and prevalence 59.25%, abundance 29. The intensity of 1 to 4, mean intensity 1.81 for
H.
oculeus
. Two new hosts for
G. elongorchis
are recorded and their specificity for fish of the Loricariidae is
highlighted. This is the first record of
G. elongorchis
parasitizing
D. amazonica
and
H. oculeus
.
Neotropical Helminthology
133
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24039/rnh20221621483
TWO NEW HOSTS FOR
GORYTHOCEPHALUS ELONGORCHIS
(ACANTHOCEPHALA:
NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE), IN
DEKEISERIA AMAZONICA
AND
HYPOSTOMUS OCULEUS
(SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE) FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
DOS NUEVOS HOSPEDEROS PARA
GORYTHOCEPHALUS ELONGORCHIS
(ACANTHOCEPHALA: NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE), EN
DEKEISERIA AMAZONICA
E
HYPOSTOMUS OCULEUS
(SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE) DE LA AMAZONÍA
BRASILEÑA
D
Keywords:
Acanthocephala – Amazon – Loricariidae – Fish Parasite
D
D
D
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
Ejemplares de
Dekeiseria amazonica
Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 e
Hypostomus oculeus
(Fowler, 1943)
capturados entre julio de 2015 y diciembre de 2016 fueron analizados en el complejo lacustre de Catalão,
Iranduba, Amazonas. Los ejemplares de
D. amazonica
midieron 12 – 16,5 (13,70 ± 1,33) y peso (g) 29 –
59 (40,85 ± 9,78) y
H. oculeus
12 – 21 (15,80 ± 2,13) y peso (g) 75 - 125,40 (101,11 ±14,28). Ambas
especies fueron parasitadas por Acanthocephala Neoechinorhynchidae,
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
Thatcher, 1979, parasitando el intestino, con una prevalencia de 55%, abundancia 18, intensidad varió de
1 a 3 parásitos por hospedero y la intensidad promedio fue de 1.63 parásitos por pez para
D. amazonica
, y
prevalencia 59,25%, abundancia 29, intensidad de 1 a 4 parásitos, intensidad media de 1,81 para
H.
oculeus
. Se registran dos nuevos huéspedes para
G. elongorchis
y se destaca su especificidad para los
peces Loricariidae. Este es el primer registro de
G. elongorchis
parasitando a
D. amazonica
y
H. oculeus
.
134
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
RESUMEN
Palabras clave
: Acanthocephala – Amazonas – Loricariidae – Parásito de peces
INTRODUCTION
Acanthocephala species parasitize adult
vertebrates and larval invertebrates. In the Amazon
they are well represented, parasitizing fish species
from different families. They are well known for
having as their main feature a reversible proboscis
with few to numerous spines, ranging from a few
millimetres to more than a meter (Thatcher, 2006;
Aquino-Pereira, 2010; Souza & Malta, 2010;
Souza
et al
., 2018).
Acanthocephala species are highly specific to
definitive hosts and very little specific to their
intermediate and paratenic hosts. They are less
specific than other helminth groups and have more
intermediate and paratenic hosts than parasitic
species of other phyla. The variety of hosts depends
more on their ecological similarities than on their
taxonomic proximity (Poulin & Mouillot, 2003;
Poulin, 2005).
The host species in this study belong to the
Loricariidae family, represented by fish with
mainly detritivorous and iliophagous feeding
habits. They have a ventral mouth, in the form of a
suction cup, adapted to scrape and suck surfaces in
search of food. They are benthic, some with
adaptations to anoxic environments, using
accessory organs as an oxygen reservoir. Their
body almost entirely covered by bone plates with
most of them active after sunset (Eigenmann &
Eigenmann 1890; Regan, 1904; Bowen, 1983;
Araújo-Lima
et al
., 1986). The objective of this
work is to record new hosts for
Gorythocephalus
elongorchis
Thatcher, 1979, Acanthocephala,
Neoechinorhynchidae for the Brazilian Amazon.
The fish were collected in the Catalão lake complex
(3º10`04``S and 59º54`45``W), municipality of
Iranduba, about 10 km from the city of Manaus,
Amazonas (Figure 1). The hosts were captured
with gill nets, with meshes of 20 to 160 mm
between adjacent nodes, randomly arranged at the
collection site, with fishing every two hours during
the day and night. The captured fish were screened
and identified in the field and transported to the
“Laboratory of Fish Parasitology (LPP)” at the
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas do Amazonas
(INPA) in Manaus, state of Amazonas.
Taxonomic studies were carried out according to
Amin (1987, 2002 and 2013); and Thatcher (1979).
For morphological studies, acanthocephalans were
stained with hydrochloric alcoholic carmine,
diaphanized in beech creosote and mounted in
Canada balm between a slide and a coverslip,
adapted from Amato
et al.
(1991) and Eiras
et al.
(2006). For the identification of acanthocephalan
species, the bibliographies were used; Thatcher
(1979, 1998 and 2006). Taxonomic data considered
for specimen identification were body size and
shape, type and number of proboscis spines,
lemniscus and proboscis pouch, male and female
reproductive system and type egg.
Ethic aspects
: For the present research, material
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Silva Jtineant
et al.
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
135
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
from a sample bank collected from July 2015 to
December 2016 was used, under the SISBIO
26612-1 collection license and license from the
Animal Use Ethics Committee - CEUA nº
036/2016 – INPA.
Two new hosts for
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
Lago Catalão,
collection area
Amazonas state
South America
Brasil in the spot light
Figure 1.
Collection area, Catalão lake, Brasil. Images obtained through the landsat /Copernicus system.
RESULTS
Twenty specimens of
D. amazonica
and 27
specimens of
H. oculeus
were analyzed. The fish
measured (cm) 12 – 16.5 (13.7 ± 1.33) in length and
weighed (g) 29 – 59 (40.85 ± 9.78) and (cm) 12 – 21
(15.80 ± 2.13) in length and weighed (g) 75 –
125.40 (101.11 ± 14.28), respectively.
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
was found
parasitizing the intestine of
D. amazonica
and
H.
oculeus
. The parasitic indices are in table 1. The
highest values of the parasitic indices were for
H.
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
136
oculeus
. Both hosts serve as the final host for
G.
elongorchis
. This species has a specificity for the
Loricariidae family. This is the first record of this
parasite for these two fish species.
There was no correlation between host length and
parasite abundance; the community status of
G.
elongorchis
was the same for both hosts (table 1).
Table 1.
Parasitic indices of
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
parasitizing
Dekeiseria amazonica
and
Hypostomus
oculeus
in the Catalão lake. P-prevalence; IR- Intensity range and MI- mean intensity; S- status comunity secondary.
Host
P (%)
IR
MI
p
r
D
.
amazonica
55
s
1
-
3
1,6
0.94
0.01
H. oculeus
59.
25
s
1
-
4
1,8
0.72
-
0.07
Eight adults, one male and seven females (Fig. 2) in
mm were measured: females length 18.5 ± 5.6
(11.8 – 29.4); width 1.6 ± 1.2 (0.8 - 4.5); crest width
0.08 (0.05 - 0.1); length of lemniscus major 1.8 ±
1.7 (2.6 – 3.8), lemniscus minor 1.4 ± 1.3 (2.3 – 2.7)
wide; reproductive area 0.3±0.06 (0.3 – 0.5). Male
length 11.5; width 1.2; crest width 0.05; greater
lemniscus length 2.8; lemniscus minor 1.8 wide;
anterior testis 1.6 x 0.3 and posterior 0.9 x 0.2.
Reproductive area 0.4.
Figure 2.
Parte anterior fêmea adulta de
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
Escala = 1mm. Seta- crista.
DISCUSSION
Few studies on the fish parasite fauna that occur in
the Loricariidae family have been carried out for
the Amazon region. Among them we can highlight:
Hypostomus carinatus
(Thatcher, 1979), and,
Pterygoplichthhys pardalis
(Castelnau, 1875)
(Porto, 2009; Porto
et al
., 2012; Cardoso
et al
.,
2017). Studies of fish fauna show us that there is
limited understanding of the ecosystem as a whole
(Bellay
et al
., 2013), and record of parasite species
for
D. amazonica
and
H. oculeus
is scarce or non-
existent.
For Antoniutti
et al
. (1985), among the
Siluriformes, some species of Loricariidae are
considered fish of great commercial value, being
widely exploited in the rivers of the state of São
Paulo. In the Amazon region, the Loricariidae
P.
pardalis
is of great commercial value (Santos
et al
.,
2006). There is no record of local consumption of
the species in this study,
D. amazonica
and
H.
oculeus
, however, they are important species for
the niche to which they are inserted and are of
ornamental interest.
For the Loricariidae, with more than 960 known
species (Eschmeyer & Fong, 2017), four species
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
Silva Jtineant
et al.
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
137
have record of parasitism by
G. elongorchis
. They
are:
P. pardalis
(Porto
et al
., 2012),
Hypostomus
carinatus
(Steindachner, 1881) (Thatcher, 1979,
2006),
Hypostomus ventromaculatus
Boeseman,
1968 (Borges
et al
., 2018)
Peckoltia braueri
(Eigenmann, 1912) (Cardoso
et al
., 2017). This
work presents two new records of hosts for
G.
elongorchis
, in fish of the Loricariidae family.
In general, the parasitic fauna of fish is formed by a
mixture of adult individuals and larval forms
(Poulin & Leung, 2011). In this work, all
specimens of
G. elongorchis
were found in the
adult form in both host species. In this case, we can
say that
D. amazonica
and
H. oculeus
are definitive
hosts of
G. elongorchis
.
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
it was cited as
parasitizing the intestine of
Hypostomus carinatus
(Thatcher, 1979, 2006);
P. pardalis
(Porto, 2009;
Porto
et al
., 2012; Cardoso
et al
., 2017). The
preference of
G. elongorchis
for species of the
Loricariidae family must be associated with the
feeding habit and the niche explored by these hosts,
which facilitates contact with the intermediate
host. The feeding habit of the host is a characteristic
to be considered, as it has a strong relationship with
the incidence of endoparasites (Dogiel, 1961).
Another factor is the richness of the fauna of
aquatic arthropods in the Amazon, insects and
crustaceans that serve as intermediate hosts for
several groups of parasites (Junk & Robertson,
1993)
.
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
was described from
the intestine of
Hypostomus carinatus
(Steindachner, 1881) captured in Lake Janauacá,
Solimões River, in the state of Amazonas
(Thatcher, 1979, 2006).
Gorytocephalus
elongorchis
does not have attachment structures
that could cause great pathogenicity in its hosts. It
has a very small proboscis and low infestation
intensity. A maximum of ten individuals were
found in the intestine of
H. carinatus
.
Hypostomus carinatus
is detritivorous, has a long
and delicate intestine with a slow movement.
G.
elongorchis
does not need a strong fixation organ.
These characteristics of its host made it possible for
it to be present in the intestine, with minimal tissue
damage and without its elimination (Thatcher,
1981). The host specimens studied in this work,
D.
amazonica
and
H. oculeus
, showed low intensity of
G. elongorchis
1 – 3 in
D. amazonica
and 1 – 4 in
H.
oculeus
, and were not attached to the wall.
intestines of their hosts.
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
was the only species
of Acanthocephala found parasitizing
P. pardalis
in
the floodplain lakes of the Solimões River in the
state of Amazonas (Porto, 2017).
Pterygoplichthys
pardalis
captured in the Fortaleza stream, in the
state of Amapá, were also parasitized by
G.
elongorchis
and parasitized the abdominal cavity
(Cardoso
et al
., 2017). In this work, all specimens
of
G. elongorchis
were found parasitizing the
intestine of
H. oculeus
(MI 1.8) and
D. amazonica
(MI 1.6).
Gorytocephalus elongorchis
is specific to fish of
the Loricariidae family that are its definitive hosts
(Porto
et al
., 2012). In this work, two new hosts for
G. elongorchis
are known and the first record of
parasites for these hosts.
The prevalence of parasitism by
G. elongorchis
was recorded in
P. pardalis
by Porto (2017) and
varied between 3.9% and 36.3% in different lakes
in the stretch between the cities of Coari and
Manaus. Cardoso
et al.
(2017) found a prevalence
of 45.5%. In this study, the recorded prevalence
was 55% for
D. amazonica
and 59.25% for
H.
oculeus
.
Porto (2017), studying the
P. pardalis
parasite
fauna in different lakes, recorded the community
status among populations of
G. elongorchis
, based
on prevalence, as satellite and secondary species.
Analyzing the prevalence found by Cardoso
et al
.
(2017), the prevalence of the population of
G.
elongorchis
(45%) is classified as a secondary
species. In this work,
G. elongorchis
is a secondary
species, with prevalence for
D. amazonica
and for
H. oculeus
between 33 and 66%.
Communities made up of secondary species are an
indication that the parasite community is in
balance, they parasitize similar organs and the
parasite rates do not show significant differences
(Hanski, 1982; Bush & Holmes, 1986; Price,
1987). In the works by Porto (2009), Porto
et al.
(2012) and Porto (2017),
G. elongorchis
was found
parasitizing the intestine. Cardoso
et al.
(2017)
recorded the parasitism of
G. elongorchis
in the
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
Two new hosts for
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
visceral cavity. Thatcher (1979, 1991), recorded
G.
elongorchis
parasitizing the intestine of
H.
carinatus
collected in Lake Janauacá, Amazonas.
In this study, collected
G. elongorchis
specimens
were found parasitizing the intestine of
D.
amazonica
and
H. oculeus
.
The parasite specificity depends, first, on the
ecological conditions that allow the encounter
between parasite and host, the ability to invade and
evolve and the behavior of the host (Ferreira,
1973).
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
is specific for
species of the Loricariidae family, species with
similar behavior and feeding habits, which share
the same ecological niche.
This study discovers two new hosts for
G.
elongorchis
, expanding the knowledge of the
number of hosts for this parasite. It makes the first
record of parasites for
D. amazonica
and
H.
oculeus
, and adds more knowledge about the
parasite dynamics in fish from the Amazon.
The authors thank the Cell Biology and
Helminthology Laboratory of the Federal
University of Pará, in Belém, Brazil, where the
necropsies and taxonomic studies were performed
for this work.
138
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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art. 1=10-24
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Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
Two new hosts for
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134
image/svg+xml
140
Neotropical Helminthology, 2022, 16(2), jul-dic
Two new hosts for
Gorythocephalus elongorchis
Rondônia state, Brazil
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a
Amazon fish parasites
. 2Ed.,
Editora Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin
America, Sofia, Moscow.
Received June 28, 2022.
Accepted September 6, 2022.
art. 1=10-24
art. 2=26-41
Art 3 =42-51
art. 4=52-59
art. 5=60-65
art 6=66-79
art. 7=80-91
art 8 =92-100
art 9=102-111
nota 1=112-116
nota 2=118-123
rev =124-134